Staphylococcus aureus sepsis induces early renal mitochondrial DNA repair and mitochondrial biogenesis in mice.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) contributes to the high morbidity and mortality of multi-system organ failure in sepsis. However, recovery of renal function after sepsis-induced AKI suggests active repair of energy-producing pathways. Here, we tested the hypothesis in mice that Staphyloccocus aureus sepsis damages mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in the kidney and activates mtDNA repair and mitochondrial biogenesis. Sepsis was induced in wild-type C57Bl/6J and Cox-8 Gfp-tagged mitochondrial-reporter mice via intraperitoneal fibrin clots embedded with S. aureus. Kidneys from surviving mice were harvested at time zero (control), 24, or 48 hours after infection and evaluated for renal inflammation, oxidative stress markers, mtDNA content, and mitochondrial biogenesis markers, and OGG1 and UDG mitochondrial DNA repair enzymes. We examined the kidneys of the mitochondrial reporter mice for changes in staining density and distribution. S. aureus sepsis induced sharp amplification of renal Tnf, Il-10, and Ngal mRNAs with decreased renal mtDNA content and increased tubular and glomerular cell death and accumulation of protein carbonyls and 8-OHdG. Subsequently, mtDNA repair and mitochondrial biogenesis was evidenced by elevated OGG1 levels and significant increases in NRF-1, NRF-2, and mtTFA expression. Overall, renal mitochondrial mass, tracked by citrate synthase mRNA and protein, increased in parallel with changes in mitochondrial GFP-fluorescence especially in proximal tubules in the renal cortex and medulla. Sub-lethal S. aureus sepsis thus induces widespread renal mitochondrial damage that triggers the induction of the renal mtDNA repair protein, OGG1, and mitochondrial biogenesis as a conspicuous resolution mechanism after systemic bacterial infection

Nrf2 promotes alveolar mitochondrial biogenesis and resolution of lung injury in Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia in mice

Acute lung injury (ALI) initiates protective responses involving genes downstream of the Nrf2 (Nfe2l2) transcription factor, including heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), which stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis and related anti-inflammatory processes. We examined mitochondrial biogenesis during Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia in mice and the effect of Nrf2 deficiency on lung mitochondrial biogenesis and resolution of lung inflammation. S. aureus pneumonia established by nasal insufflation of live bacteria was studied in mitochondrial reporter (mt-COX8-GFP) mice, wild-type (WT) mice, and Nrf2(−/−) mice. Bronchoalveolar lavage, wet/dry ratios, real-time RT-PCR and Western analysis, immunohistochemistry, and fluorescence microscopy were performed on the lung at 0, 6, 24, and 48 h. The mice survived S. aureus inoculations at 5 × 10(8) CFU despite diffuse lung inflammation and edema, but the Nrf2(−/−) lung showed increased ALI. In mt-COX8-GFP mice, mitochondrial fluorescence was enhanced in bronchial and alveolar type II (AT2) epithelial cells. WT mice displayed rapid HO-1 upregulation and lower proinflammatory TNF-α, IL-1β, and CCL2 and, especially in AT2 cells, higher anti-inflammatory IL-10 and suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 than Nrf2(−/−) mice. In the alveolar region, WT but not Nrf2(−/−) mice showed strongly induced nuclear respiratory factor-1, PGC-1α, mitochondrial transcription factor-A, SOD2, Bnip3, mtDNA copy number, and citrate synthase. These findings indicate that S. aureus pneumonia induces Nrf2-dependent mitochondrial biogenesis in the alveolar region, mainly in AT2 cells. Absence of Nrf2 suppresses the alveolar transcriptional network for mitochondrial biogenesis and anti-inflammation, which worsens ALI. The findings link redox activation of mitochondrial biogenesis to ALI resolution

Staphylococcus aureus Sepsis and Mitochondrial Accrual of the 8-Oxoguanine DNA Glycosylase DNA Repair Enzyme in Mice

Rationale: Damage to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) by the production of reactive oxygen species during inflammatory states, such as sepsis, is repaired by poorly understood mechanisms

a, b, and c: Determination of mitochondrial DNA repair enzymes after sepsis in the crude mitochondrial fraction.

<p><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0100912#pone-0100912-g005" target="_blank">Figure 5a</a> shows quantitative Real-time PCR for Ogg1, a base-excision repair protein especially important for repair of mitochondrial DNA, from whole kidney. Representative western blot analysis for OGG1 and UDG, mitochondrial DNA repair enzymes, compared to Porin from the mitochondrial fraction at control, and at Day 1 and Day 2 after sepsis (5b) and relative densitometry compared from three mice at each time-point (5c). OGG1 increases significantly in the mitochondrial fraction. *<i>P</i><0.05 significant by ANOVA and Tukey’s post-hoc analysis.</p

a, b, and c: Immunohistochemistry, brown staining, for 8-0H8dG in kidney before (4a), 24 hrs (4b) and 48 hrs (4c) after <i>S. aureus</i> peritoneal sepsis in mice.

<p>a, b, and c: Immunohistochemistry, brown staining, for 8-0H8dG in kidney before (4a), 24 hrs (4b) and 48 hrs (4c) after <i>S. aureus</i> peritoneal sepsis in mice.</p

a, b, and c: Representative immunofluorescence for OGG1 (red) in renal tissue before and after infection at time 0 (6a) and Day 2 (6b) after infection at 10x and 40x magnification (6c).

<p>OGG1 increased in the kidneys by immunofluorescence confirming mRNA and Western results.</p

a, b, c, d: Representative photomicrographs of H&E staining of the renal cortex at time zero (a) and Day 1 (b) and TUNEL staining at time zero (c) and Day 1 after infection (d) after infection.

<p>Arrows indicate areas of necrosis/apoptosis in the H&E stain and TUNEL labeled nuclei. Note inflammatory cell infiltration.</p

a, b, c, d and e: Mitochondrial DNA copy number based on real-time PCR of cytochrome B/18S levels from kidney (3a) after <i>S. aureus</i> infection.

<p>MtDNA decreased only transiently suggesting active repair and biogenesis. Oxy-blot analysis of whole-cell protein carbonyl content of whole kidney after <i>S. aureus</i> sepsis (3b). Western blot analysis and densitometry of heme-oxygenase 1 (HO-1) levels in the mitochondrial fraction (3c and 3d). Mitochondrial antioxidant enzymes levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD2) and thioredoxin (TRX2) relative to porin densitometry analysis (3e). Data represents 6 mice in each group. *<i>P</i><0.05 is considered significant by ANOVA and Tukey’s post-test analysis.</p

a, b, c, and d: Detection of nuclear markers of mitochondrial biogenesis.

<p>Whole kidney mRNA was evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR for Nrf-1 (8a), Nrf-2 (Gabpa) (8b), and Ppargc1a (8c) at time zero, day 1 and day 2 after infection as well as kidney nuclear protein densitometry for NRF-1, NFE2l2, NRF-2 (GABPa), and PGC-1a relative to histone (8d) by western blot analysis. Each time-point represents 3 mice. *<i>P</i><0.05 significant by ANOVA and Tukey’s post-test analysis.</p