Tornado And Severe Weather Climatology And Predictability By Enso Phase In The North Central U.S.: A Compositing Study

Climatological factors, including the phase of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), are known predictors for parameters such as seasonal temperature and precipitation and tropical cyclone activity. ENSO phase also has a relationship to severe weather activity and may have utility in predicting anomalies in severe weather climatology, including the number of significant tornadoes and the number of tornado days. While not useful in daily severe weather operations and forecasting, determining the relationship between ENSO phase and severe weather climatology anomalies can aid preparedness for potentially active seasons among operational meteorologists, emergency managers, the media, and others with a role in preparing spotters and citizens for severe weather seasons

Synoptic-Scale Convective Environment Climatology by ENSO Phase in the North Central United States

The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is known to affect synoptic patterns across the continental United States, particularly by its impact on the upper tropospheric jet stream position. Global circulation patterns influence synoptic weather patterns by impacting the location of mid-tropospheric ridge and trough locations and thus areas favorable for temperature and precipitation anomalies, which in turn influence regional severe weather activity. Though it is one of several factors associated with the potential for severe weather, the synoptic environment plays a key role in severe weather potential by providing favorable ingredients for the development of severe convection (e.g. Miller 1967). While ENSO is one of many factors that influence global circulations, and by distillation may have a less distinguishable influence on the synoptic pattern, coherent signals can be uncovered in the synoptic environment, based on ENSO phase, that would influence the potential for severe convection in the north central United States. Seasonal predictions of severe weather potential are not much aid for daily operations, but they can be used by emergency managers, the media, and forecasters to increase preparedness for seasons that have the potential for above normal convective activity

Tornado And Severe Weather Climatology And Predictability By Enso Phase In The North Central U.S.: A Compositing Study

Climatological factors, including the phase of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), are known predictors for parameters such as seasonal temperature and precipitation and tropical cyclone activity. ENSO phase also has a relationship to severe weather activity and may have utility in predicting anomalies in severe weather climatology, including the number of significant tornadoes and the number of tornado days. While not useful in daily severe weather operations and forecasting, determining the relationship between ENSO phase and severe weather climatology anomalies can aid preparedness for potentially active seasons among operational meteorologists, emergency managers, the media, and others with a role in preparing spotters and citizens for severe weather seasons

Synoptic-Scale Convective Environment Climatology by ENSO Phase in the North Central United States

The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is known to affect synoptic patterns across the continental United States, particularly by its impact on the upper tropospheric jet stream position. Global circulation patterns influence synoptic weather patterns by impacting the location of mid-tropospheric ridge and trough locations and thus areas favorable for temperature and precipitation anomalies, which in turn influence regional severe weather activity. Though it is one of several factors associated with the potential for severe weather, the synoptic environment plays a key role in severe weather potential by providing favorable ingredients for the development of severe convection (e.g. Miller 1967). While ENSO is one of many factors that influence global circulations, and by distillation may have a less distinguishable influence on the synoptic pattern, coherent signals can be uncovered in the synoptic environment, based on ENSO phase, that would influence the potential for severe convection in the north central United States. Seasonal predictions of severe weather potential are not much aid for daily operations, but they can be used by emergency managers, the media, and forecasters to increase preparedness for seasons that have the potential for above normal convective activity

Si SiO2 quantum well structures preparation and characterization

Bandgap control of silicon based material provides a promising way towards 3rd generation photovoltaic devices such as tandem solar cells. It has been recognized that such bandgap control can be achieved by silicon nanostructures consisting of quantum layer superlattices. In the present study, Si SiO2 single and multi quantum well structures were fabricated under ultrahigh vacuum UHV conditions by thermal deposition of ultrathin amorphous silicon layers on Suprasil wafers and subsequent oxidation with an RF plasma source. It is shown that appropriate plasma assisted oxidation at substrate tempertures of 600 C results in nearly abrupt Si SiO2 interfaces and prevents suboxide species. Upon annealing up to 1000 C Si quantum layers exhibit good crystallinity, as is revealed by electron diffraction RHEED and Raman scattering data. Optical measurements indicate quantum confinement properties as evidenced by blue shift of the band gap with decreasing Si layer thickness. Current voltage and photoconductivity measurements are utilized to analyse the electrical properties of the structures and to deduce internal quantum efficiencies

Paradoxes of professional autonomy: a qualitative study of U.S. neonatologists from 1978‐2017

The professional autonomy of physicians often requires they take responsibility for life and death decisions, but they must also find ways to avoid bearing the full weight of such decisions. We conducted in‐person, semi‐structured interviews with neonatologists (n = 20) in four waves between 1978 and 2017 in a single Midwestern U.S. city. Using open coding analysis, we found over time that neonatologists described changes in their sense of professional autonomy and responsibility for decisions with life and death consequences. Through the early 1990s, as neonatology consolidated as a profession, physicians simultaneously enjoyed high levels of professional discretion and responsibility and were often constrained by bioethics and the law. By 2010s, high involvement of parents and collaboration with multiple subspecialties diffused the burden felt by individual practitioners, but neonatology’s professional autonomy was correlatively diminished. Decision‐making in the NICU over four decades reveal a complex relationship between the professional autonomy of neonatologist and the burden they bear, with some instances of ceding autonomy as a protective measure and other situations of unwelcomed erosion of professional autonomy that neonatologists see as complicating provision of care.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/163653/2/shil13169.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/163653/1/shil13169_am.pd