An assessment of the perception of secondary school students towards Vocational Education and Training in Arumeru district in Tanzania.

The study's main objective was to assess the perception of secondary school students towards vocational education and training in Arumeru District in Tanzania. In addition, the study was guided by the following specific objectives; to determine the perception of secondary school students towards vocational education and training in Arumeru district, to identify the channels through which secondary school students access information about vocational education and training in Arumeru district and to determine the challenges facing students to join VET after secondary school education in the Arumeru district. A descriptive research design was adopted. The researcher adopted simple random sampling techniques. The sample size was 120 respondents, which included; 21 respondents from Bishop Danning Secondary, 2 from Ilboru PC Centre, 25 from Mshikamano PC centre, 23 from Sinoni PC Centre, 21 respondents from Enaboishu secondary school, 5 Secondary Schools Heads and 4 VET Colleges Principals. Research questionnaires were used as the primary data collection instruments. Data collected were analyzed using SPSS version 20. The findings indicate that most of the respondents strongly agreed that they received information about vocational education from; their churches, newspapers, friends, and social media. The study concluded that there is a need for more career information to be provided to the VET learners as attitude change takes quite some time. The study recommended that there is a need for the government and the relevant stakeholders to come up with a policy framework that clearly shows how a student can transition from the path of VET to further education. Keywords: Secondary School Students, Education, Perception, Vocational Education and Training

Intraoperative surgical difficulties encountered during repeat caesarean section in a tertiary care centre in Northeast India

Background: Caesarean section is the commonest obstetric operative procedure worldwide. The potential perioperative problems in repeat caesarean section include adhesions, increased blood loss, prolonged operative time, injuries to adjacent structures, hysterectomy etc. These increase with increase in caesarean section number.Methods: Hospital based observational study, conducted at Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Assam Medical College, from July 2019 to June 2020 with the aim to study intraoperative difficulties encountered during repeat caesarean section. Cases were grouped into two main groups based on number of prior caesarean sections. A detailed history, clinical and intraoperative findings of all pregnant women undergoing repeat caesarean section were noted. Results were tabulated and analysed.Results: Out of 400 women with prior caesarean section who underwent repeat caesarean. 321 had 1 prior caesarean and rest had 2. Among the cases cephalopelvic disproportion was the commonest (43.25%) indication and obstructed labour was the least common (0.25%). Common complications were adhesions (38.25%), thinned lower uterine segment (27%), advance bladder (19.50%), uterine dehiscence (14.75%), excess blood loss (12.75%), extension of uterine incision (8.25%), uterine rupture (1%), placenta accrete (0.75%), and bladder injury (0.5%). Intraoperative complications like adhesions, uterine dehiscence, delivery and operating time were significantly higher in women with 2 prior caesarean section compared to 1 prior caesarean section (p<0.001).Conclusions: Women with caesarean scar are at high risk in subsequent pregnancies particularly in a country like India where antenatal care is often neglected. Best technique to reduce multiple potential complications of repeat caesarean section is to reduce the rates of primary and repeat caesarean sections whenever possible

MR imaging evaluation of obstructing vaginal malformations with hematocolpos or hematometra in adolescent girls: A cross sectional study

Objective: Vaginal or uterine outlet obstruction leads to hematocolpos or hematometra. Detection of the etiology of this entity is important to guide adequate surgical management and thereby avoid complications and to preserve fertility. The aim of this study was to evaluate obstructing vaginal malformations in adolescent girls presenting with hematocolpos or hematometra with MR imaging. Materials and methods: A hospital based prospective study was conducted in a tertiary care centre from September 2015 to October 2016. The study included 17 adolescent females who were evaluated with MRI. Result: Of 17 adolescent female with vaginal or uterine outflow obstructive anomalies with hematocolpos or hematometra, where 6 patients (35.3%) had HWWS, 6 patients (35.3%) had imperforate hymen, 2 patients (11.8%) had transverse vaginal septum, 1 patient each (5.9%) had cervico-vaginal atresia, unicornuate uterus and communicating rudimentary Uterine horn. MRI revealed hematocolpos in 15 patients (88.2%), hematometra in 13 patients (76.5%), endometriotic ovarian cysts in 6 patients (35.3%) and hematosalpnix in 3 patients (17.6%). Conclusion: Early radiological diagnosis of the cause of vaginal or uterine outflow obstruction is important to guide adequate surgical management which if undertaken promptly helps to avoid complications due to reflux from vaginal or uterine outflow obstruction

BBD optimized antioxidants of Crotalaria candicans and its nanoconjugates, exert potent in vivo anti-biofilm effects against MRSA

Abstract Crotalaria genus is extensively dispersed in tropical and subtropical provinces, and it is found to harbor antioxidant flavonoids. Response surface methodology-based optimization was carried out for the purpose of efficient extraction involving a suitable solvent which can maximize the yield along with higher total phenolic content and total flavonoid content (TFC). Optimization conditions for extraction of C.candicans flavonoids (CCF) based on variables such as solvent, solid-solvent ratio and extraction temperature were evaluated. The optimized conditions were found as Solvent i.e., Aqueous-ethanol (53.42%), Solid-solvent ratio (1:15.83 w/v) and temperature (44.42 °C) and resulted to obtain the TFC as 176.23 mg QRET/g C. candicans extract with the yield 27.42 mg CCF/g (C. candicans dry weight). LC–MS analysis of CCF, revealed the presence of seven major flavonoids. The antioxidant flavonoids were further used to functionalize the zero-valent silver (ZVAgF) and copper (ZVCuF) nanoparticles. The ZVAgF and ZVCuF were investigated using UV–Vis spectrophotometry, FT-IR spectroscopy and X-ray diffractometry to confirm the presence of the zero valent metals and possible functional groups which capped the elemental metal. Further transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering method and zeta-potential studies were done to understand their respective structural and morphological properties. The efficacy of the as-prepared ZVAgF/ZVCuF as antibiofilm agents on Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) with the mechanism studies have been explored. The MRSA-colony count from the infection zebrafish (in vivo) model, portrayed a reduction of > 1.9 fold for ZVCuF and > twofold for ZVAgF, with no alteration in liver morphology when treated with ZVAgF, implying that the nanoparticles were safe and biocompatible