Economic causes and consequences of migrations within the context of under-development in West Africa

African Studies Center Working Paper No. 6INTRODUCTION: In recent discussions of development and inequality in Africa, at least three positions can be identified concerning relationships between rural-urban migration and inequality. The most simplistic and journalistic view is that migrants come to the cities only to find unemployment and miserable living conditions. The story, as usually depicted, identifies the problem as misguided persistence in migrating explanations based on the inappropriateness of educational curricula, lures of brights lights, and misinformation. Despite little evidence to support this view, many African politicians have identified persistent migration as the cause of urban poverty and have attempted to stop the flow of migrants through exhortation, administrative controls, and coercion. Actions seem to have been based on the notion that the problems of urban poverty will disappear if only the poor... [TRUNCATED

The Botswana National Migration Study: a conceptual framework

African Studies Center Working Paper No. 4

Holding fixture for a hot stamping press

A hand held guide for manually positioning a work piece between the anvil rib and tool of a hot die stamping press is described. A groove completed by interchangeable cover plates attached at one end of the guide conforms to a cross sectional dimension common to similar workpieces and, with a force fit, retentively holds each of the workpieces

Changing patterns of global-scale vegetation photosynthesis, 1982-1999

The primary objective of this research was to assess changes in global vegetation photosynthesis between 1982 and 1999. Global-scale Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data from the Pathfinder AVHRR Land (PAL) and Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies (GIMMS) datasets were analysed for 96% of the non-Antarctic land area of the Earth. The results showed that between 1982 and 1999 over 30% of the Earth's land surface increased and less than 5% decreased in annual average photosynthesis greater than 4%. Although both the PAL and GIMMS datasets produced broadly similar patterns of change, there were distinct differences between the two datasets. Changes in vegetation photosynthesis were occurring in spatial clusters across the globe and were being driven by climate change, El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events and human activity

Automated Design of Tissue Engineering Scaffolds by Advanced CAD

The design of scaffolds with an intricate and controlled internal structure represents a challenge for Tissue Engineering. Several scaffold manufacturing techniques allow the creation of complex and random architectures, but have little or no control over geometrical parameters such as pore size, shape and interconnectivity- things that are essential for tissue regeneration. The combined use of CAD software and layer manufacturing techniques allow a high degree of control over those parameters, resulting in reproducible geometrical architectures. However, the design of the complex and intricate network of channels that are required in conventional CAD, is extremely time consuming: manually setting thousands of different geometrical parameters may require several days in which to design the individual scaffold structures. This research proposes an automated design methodology in order to overcome those limitations. The combined use of Object Oriented Programming and advanced CAD software, allows the rapid generation of thousands of different geometrical elements. Each has a different set of parameters that can be changed by the software, either randomly or according to a given mathematical formula, so that they match the different distribution of geometrical elements such as pore size and pore interconnectivity. This work describes a methodology that has been used to design five cubic scaffolds with pore size ranging from about 200 to 800 µm, each with an increased complexity of the internal geometry.Mechanical Engineerin

Men of Color: A Role for Policymakers in Improving the Status of Black Male Students in U.S. Higher Education

This report calls for greater involvement by federal and state policymakers and others to improve black male college readiness and completion. It presents policy-relevant trends concerning black male college students, highlights promising practices on campuses across the country, and proposes suggestions for policymakers and other stakeholders