Coe Genes Are Expressed in Differentiating Neurons in the Central Nervous System of Protostomes

Genes of the coe (collier/olfactory/early B-cell factor) family encode Helix-Loop-Helix transcription factors that are widely conserved in metazoans and involved in many developmental processes, neurogenesis in particular. Whereas their functions during vertebrate neural tube formation have been well documented, very little is known about their expression and role during central nervous system (CNS) development in protostomes. Here we characterized the CNS expression of coe genes in the insect Drosophila melanogaster and the polychaete annelid Platynereis dumerilii, which belong to different subgroups of protostomes and show strikingly different modes of development. In the Drosophila ventral nerve cord, we found that the Collier-expressing cells form a subpopulation of interneurons with diverse molecular identities and neurotransmitter phenotypes. We also demonstrate that collier is required for the proper differentiation of some interneurons belonging to the Eve-Lateral cluster. In Platynereis dumerilii, we cloned a single coe gene, Pdu-coe, and found that it is exclusively expressed in post mitotic neural cells. Using an original technique of in silico 3D registration, we show that Pdu-coe is co-expressed with many different neuronal markers and therefore that, like in Drosophila, its expression defines a heterogeneous population of neurons with diverse molecular identities. Our detailed characterization and comparison of coe gene expression in the CNS of two distantly-related protostomes suggest conserved roles of coe genes in neuronal differentiation in this clade. As similar roles have also been observed in vertebrates, this function was probably already established in the last common ancestor of all bilaterians

Abuse of Dominance in Technology-Enabled Markets: Established Standards Reconsidered?

This paper seeks to examine whether the legal standards underpinning the application of Article 102 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) need to be revisited in light of the alleged specificities of “technology-enabled” markets. To this end, the paper is divided in seven parts. Following this short introduction (A), the paper offers first a definition of the very notion of “technology-enabled” markets (B). Then, it questions whether competition agencies should depart from conventional enforcement techniques when reviewing conduct in fast-moving, technology-enabled markets, and follow new, expedited enforcement procedures as proposed recently by several high-ranking officials (C). After this, the paper turns to substantive issues. It begins by reviewing the intricacies of market definition and dominance in technology-enabled markets (D). It then offers some general thoughts on whether a new, general legal standard for a determination of unlawful abuse is needed in technology enabled markets (E). Finally, the paper considers six categories of abusive conduct in the high-tech sector and shows that, faced with a variety of applicable legal standards for each of them, competition agencies, courts and plaintiffs have – understandably – almost always invoked and applied the loosest possible test in support of their allegations or findings. We suggest, in turn, that under existing case-law stricter standards could and should be applied, and that this is particularly important in the context of technology-enabled markets for the simple reason that it is in these markets that the most common pitfalls and shortcomings of the EU law on abuse of a dominant position are magnified (F)

: Landscape and the use of forest resources during the Early Neolithic in Catalonia

International audienceA partir dels estudis paleoambientals i arqueobotànics, aquest article presenta l’estat de la qüestió de la recerca paleoambiental en el neolític de Catalunya. A més, ofereix una contextualització climàtica i avalua l’impacte que van tenir en el paisatge les activitats econòmiques de les primeres societats agrícoles i ramaderes. D’una banda, es presenten les dades palinològiques de seqüències sedimentàries en llacs, estanys o torberes que cobreixen aquest període d’estudi; de l’altra, les dades palinològiques i antracològiques de jaciments arqueològics neolítics.From paleoenvironmental and archaeobotanical studies, this paper provides an overview on palaeoenvironmental research into the Neolithic in Catalonia. It also offers climatological contextualisation and assesses the environmental impact of the economic activities of the firsts farmers and herders. It provides both palynological data on sedimentary sequences in lakes, ponds or bogs and palynological and anthracological data on Neolithic archaeological sites that cover the period studied

: Landscape and the use of forest resources during the Early Neolithic in Catalonia

International audienceA partir dels estudis paleoambientals i arqueobotànics, aquest article presenta l’estat de la qüestió de la recerca paleoambiental en el neolític de Catalunya. A més, ofereix una contextualització climàtica i avalua l’impacte que van tenir en el paisatge les activitats econòmiques de les primeres societats agrícoles i ramaderes. D’una banda, es presenten les dades palinològiques de seqüències sedimentàries en llacs, estanys o torberes que cobreixen aquest període d’estudi; de l’altra, les dades palinològiques i antracològiques de jaciments arqueològics neolítics.From paleoenvironmental and archaeobotanical studies, this paper provides an overview on palaeoenvironmental research into the Neolithic in Catalonia. It also offers climatological contextualisation and assesses the environmental impact of the economic activities of the firsts farmers and herders. It provides both palynological data on sedimentary sequences in lakes, ponds or bogs and palynological and anthracological data on Neolithic archaeological sites that cover the period studied

: Landscape and the use of forest resources during the Early Neolithic in Catalonia

International audienceA partir dels estudis paleoambientals i arqueobotànics, aquest article presenta l’estat de la qüestió de la recerca paleoambiental en el neolític de Catalunya. A més, ofereix una contextualització climàtica i avalua l’impacte que van tenir en el paisatge les activitats econòmiques de les primeres societats agrícoles i ramaderes. D’una banda, es presenten les dades palinològiques de seqüències sedimentàries en llacs, estanys o torberes que cobreixen aquest període d’estudi; de l’altra, les dades palinològiques i antracològiques de jaciments arqueològics neolítics.From paleoenvironmental and archaeobotanical studies, this paper provides an overview on palaeoenvironmental research into the Neolithic in Catalonia. It also offers climatological contextualisation and assesses the environmental impact of the economic activities of the firsts farmers and herders. It provides both palynological data on sedimentary sequences in lakes, ponds or bogs and palynological and anthracological data on Neolithic archaeological sites that cover the period studied