Cryptorchidism

The term cryptorchidism refers to the condition of abnormal testicular descent (TD). In this situation the testis is â\u80\u9chiddenâ\u80\u9d and it cannot be identified in its normal position that is inside the scrotum. In fact the term â\u80\u9ccryptorchidismâ\u80\u9d literally means â\u80\u9chidden testicleâ\u80\u9d and is often used interchangeably with the term â\u80\u9cundescended testicleâ\u80\u9d. A normal testicular function is guaranteed by its full descent into the scrotum. Undescended testes carry the risk of malignant transformation and loss of fertility. It is thus mandatory to recognize this condition in order to plan the surgical correction

Alimentary Tract Duplications

Enteric duplications are rare development malformations that can occur anywhere along the alimentary tract from the tongue to the anus. To date, there is no unique classification that can explain their extremely variable onset, size, and location. Calder was the first to publish a report of alimentary tract duplications, back in 1773, describing a duodenal duplication. The term “intestinal duplication” was used for the first time by Fitz in 1884 but was not widely used until it became commonly used in 1937, thanks to Ladd and a further classification by Gross in 1953. Several terms had been used before then to describe such anomalies such as giant diverticula, enterogenous cyst, or unusual Meckel’s diverticula. The current nomenclature, as suggested by Ladd and Gross, depends on the anatomic location of the duplication in relation to the normal gastrointestinal tract