Keterkaitan Sektor Ekonomi dan Distribusi Pendapatan di Jawa: Pendekatan Social Accounting Matrix

The objective of this study is to analyze economic sectors linkages, output multipliers, value added multipliers, and household income distribution in Java. The results of this study find that: (1) food, beverages, and tobacco industry sectors, and trade, hotel and restaurant sectors, tend to market oriented, so that less linkages with other sectors in backward to growth, (2) forestry and hunting sectors have small linkages vertically with wood and wood products industry, (3) economic injection of any sectors is in favor of household groups in the urban than household groups in the rural, (4) in general, distribution of the increase household income in Java is tend to divergent. If Indonesian government can reordering position of food, beverages and tobacco industry, and trade, hotel and restaurant sectors, it will increase output of other sectors, and then will reduce unemployment and poverty

110GHz fT Silicon Bipolar Transistors Implemented using Fluorine Implantation for Boron Diffusion Suppression

This paper investigates how fluorine implantation can be used to suppress boron diffusion in the base of a double polysilicon silicon bipolar transistor and hence deliver a record fT of 110 GHz. Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS) and transmission electron microscopy are used to characterize the effect of the fluorine implantation energy and dose, the anneal temperature and ambient and the germanium pre-amorphisation implant on the fluorine profiles. These results show that retention of fluorine in the silicon is maximised when a high-energy fluorine implant is combined with a low thermal budget inert anneal. TEM images show that a high-energy fluorine implant into germanium pre-amorphised silicon eliminates the end of range defects from the germanium implant and produces a band of dislocation loops deeper in the silicon at the range of the fluorine implant. Boron SIMS profiles show a suppression of boron diffusion for fluorine doses at and above 5?1014cm-2, but no suppression at lower fluorine doses. This suppression of boron diffusion correlates with the appearance on the SIMS profiles of a fluorine peak at a depth of approximately Rp/2, which is attributed to fluorine trapped in vacancy-fluorine clusters. The introduction of a fluorine implant at this critical fluorine dose into a bipolar transistor process flow leads to an increase in cut-off frequency from 46 to 60GHz. Further optimisation of the base-width and the collector profile leads to a further increase in cut-off frequency to 110GHz. Two factors are postulated to contribute to the suppression of boron diffusion by the fluorine implant. First, the elimination of the germanium end of range defects, and the associated interstitial population, by the fluorine implant, removes a source of transient enhanced diffusion. Second, any interstitials released by the dislocation loops at the range of the fluorine implant would be expected to recombine at the vacancy-fluorine clusters before reaching the boron profile

POES satellite observations of EMIC-wave driven relativistic electron precipitation during 1998-2010

[1] Using six Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites (POES) satellites that have carried the Space Environment Module-2 instrument package, a total of 436,422 individual half-orbits between 1998 and 2010 were inspected by an automatic detection algorithm searching for electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) driven relativistic electron precipitation (REP). The algorithm searched for one of the key characteristics of EMIC-driven REP, identified as the simultaneity between spikes in the P1 (52 keV differential proton flux channel) and P6 (>800 keV electron channel). In all, 2331 proton precipitation associated REP (PPAREP) events were identified. The majority of events were observed at L-values within the outer radiation belt (3 < L < 7) and were more common in the dusk and night sectors as determined by magnetic local time. The majority of events occurred outside the plasmasphere, at L-values ~1 Re greater than the plasmapause location determined from two different statistical models. The events make up a subset of EMIC-driven proton spikes investigated by Sandanger et al. (2009), and potentially reflect different overall characteristics compared with proton spikes, particularly when comparing their location to that of the plasmapause, i.e., EMIC-driven proton precipitation inside the plasmapause, and potentially EMIC-driven REP outside the plasmapause. There was no clear relationship between the location of plasmaspheric plumes and the locations of the PPAREP events detected. Analysis of the PPAREP event occurrence indicates that high solar wind speed and high geomagnetic activity levels increase the likelihood of an event being detected. The peak PPAREP event occurrence was during the declining phase of solar cycle 23, consistent with the 2003 maximum in the geomagnetic activity index, Ap

Waveguide Lasers in Rare Earth Doped Planar Silica

The aim of this project was to realise rare earth doped silica waveguide lasers. Particular attention was focused on the doping of the neodymium and erbium ions into the host glass. The host glass employed to fabricate low loss rare earth doped devices was based on the binary SiO2-P2O5 system. This was fabricated by the flame hydrolysis of SiCl4 and PCl3. This was subsequently updated for the metal halide POCl3. The deposited soot from the hydrolysis reaction was typically sintered at temperatures of 137

Model Ekonomi Dan Dampak Implementasi Perjanjian Perdagangan Bebas Asean-Cina Bagi Perdagangan Gula Indonesia

EnglishGlobalization and unfair trade including that of sugar will affect Indonesia's sugar industry. Implementation of ASEAN-Cina Free Trade Agreement will reduce and eliminate tariff and non-tariff barriers. Currently, domestic sugar production does not meet the high demand for sugar. This study aims to forecast the impact of economic policy in agricultural sector on the performance of Indonesian's sugar trade for the periods of 2015-2020. Indonesian Sugar Trade Model was constructed as a simultaneous equations system and estimated using a 2SLS method with a SYSLIN procedure. The forecast simulation used a NEWTON method with a SIMNLIN procedure. Elimination of import tariff will increase consumer's surplus higher than producer's surplus decrease. However, the net surplus will decrease because government's tariff revenue also drops. This study suggests that in order to increase consumer's and producer's welfare (net surplus) in ASEAN-Cina Free Trade Area, some policies are to implement are sugar import tariff reduction, farm-gate sugar price enhancement, sugar cane plantation expansion, and State Logistics Agency's role improvement. IndonesianGlobalisasi dan perdagangan yang tidak fair, termasuk perdagangan gula, akan mempengaruhi pengembangan industri gula di Indonesia. Implementasi perjanjian Perdagangan Bebas ASEAN-Cina diwujudkan dengan pengurangan dan penghapusan hambatan tarif dan nontarif. Kebutuhan gula di Indonesia belum mampu dipenuhi oleh produksi gula dalam negeri. Tujuan penelitian adalah meramalkan dampak kebijakan ekonomi di sektor pertanian dan faktor eksternal terhadap kinerja perdagangan gula Indonesia pada periode 2015-2020. Model Perdagangan Gula Indonesia dibangun sebagai sistem persamaan simultan dan diestimasi menggunakan metode 2SLS dengan prosedur SYSLIN. Simulasi peramalan menggunakan metode NEWTON dengan prosedur SIMNLIN. Penghapusan tarif impor gula akan meningkatkan surplus konsumen yang lebih besar dari penurunan surplus produsen tetapi net surplus menurun karena penerimaan pemerintah dari tarif impor juga menurun. Penelitian ini menyarankan bahwa untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan produsen dan konsumen gula (net surplus) dalam era perdagangan bebas ASEAN-Cina, maka kebijakan kombinasi penurunan tarif impor, peningkatan harga gula petani, peningkatan luas areal perkebunan tebu, dan penguatan peran Bulog dapat menjadi instrumen kebijakan yang tepat

SOSIALISASI K-3 BAGI TEKNISI BENGKEL PENGELASAN SMAW DI KECAMATAN MEDAN TIMUR KOTA MEDAN

Electrode shielded arc welding or better known as Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) is welding using an electric arc as a metal melt heater. An electric arc is formed between the shielded electrode and the base metal. Because of the heat from the electric arc, the base metal and the tip of the electrode melt and freeze together (Wryosumarto, 2004). With the ability of reason, humans are able to use metal as a very vital life aid. Various kinds of machine construction, buildings and others can be created in the presence of metal. The metal raises the need for assembly or joining technology. One such connection technology is by welding (welding). The purpose of the Occupational Health and Safety Counseling for SMAW Welding Workshop Operators in Gang Buntu Village, Medan Timur District, Medan City are: So that the welding company makes procedures and rules for occupational health and safety in the workplace. Welding industry companies provide Personal Protective Equipment (ADP) for welding operators. Because the issue of occupational health and safety is very important to get attention because it is directly related to the productivity and efficiency of workers