Health services performance for TB treatment in Brazil: a cross-sectional study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Researches to evaluate Primary Health Care performance in TB control in Brazil show that different cities aggregate local specificities in the dynamics of coping with the disease. This study aims to evaluate health services' performance in TB treatment in cities across different Brazilian regions.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>This cross-sectional study was conducted in five cities that are considered priorities for TB control in Brazil: Itaboraí (ITA), Ribeirão Preto (RP) and São José do Rio Preto (SJRP) in the Southeast; Campina Grande (CG) and Feira de Santana (FS) in the Northeast. Data were collected through interviews with 514 TB patients under treatment in 2007, using the <it>Primary Care Assessment Tool </it>adapted for TB care in Brazil. Indicators were constructed based on the mean response scores (Likert scale) and compared among the study sites.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>"Access to treatment" was evaluated as satisfactory in the Southeast and regular in the Northeast, which displayed poor results on 'home visits' and 'distance between treatment site and patient's house'. "Bond" was assessed as satisfactory in all cities, with a slightly better performance in RP and SJRP. "Range of services" was rated as regular, with better performance of southeastern cities. 'Health education', 'DOT' and 'food vouchers' were less offered in the Northeast. "Coordination" was evaluated as satisfactory in all cities. "Family focus" was evaluated as satisfactory in RP and SJRP, and regular in the others. 'Professional asking patient's family about other health problems' was evaluated as unsatisfactory, except in RP.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Two types of obstacles are faced for health service performance in TB treatment in the cities under analysis, mainly in the Northeast. The first is structural and derives from difficulties to access health services and actions. The second is organizational and derives from the way health technologies and services are distributed and integrated. Incentives to improve care organization and management practices, aimed at the integration of primary, secondary and tertiary services, can contribute towards a better performance of health services in TB treatment.</p

Comportamento do Triatoma infestans sob várias condições de laboratório Behavior of the Triatoma infestans' under several laboratory conditions

Foi observado o comportamento do T. infestans submetido às temperaturas de 25ºC e 30ºC, alimentado em galinha e camundongo e infectado pelo T. cruzi ou não. A temperatura mais elevada determinou um encurtamento da duração do ciclo evolutivo desde a eclosão do ôvo até a muda para a fase adulta, menores quantidades de sangue necessário para que se processasse a evolução, assim como menor número de repastos para obtenção do sangue. A alimentação com sangue de camundongo determinou um encurtamento no tempo de evolução, menores volumes de sangue necessário à evolução e menor número de repastos. A infecção pelo T. cruzi determinou aumento da quantidade de sangue necessário para as ninfas de 5.º estádio, assim como maior número de repastos nas ninfas do mesmo estádio submetidas a 25ºC de temperatura. Ocorreram interações entre a temperatura, a fonte de sangue e a infecção pelo T. cruzi.<br>The rearing of T. infestans under several temperature, blood feeding and infection conditions, was observed. Temperature levels were 25 and 30ºC, blood sources were mice and chickens, and were reported as with or without Trypanosoma cruzi infections. A shortness of the entire cycle from the hatching of the egg to adult in the high temperature level was observed. Beside this, less blood quantities and few blood meals were required to reach the adult stage. The utilization of mouse blood gave too a shorter time expended in the evolution, with fewer meals and lesser blood in volume. The trypanosome infection was related with more quantity of blood need by the fifth nymphs, and more meals for these imature stage when submited at 25ºC of temperature. Interactions between the conditions studied, were recorded