Modeling the urban boundary layer

A summary and evaluation is given of the Workshop on Modeling the Urban Boundary Layer; held in Las Vegas on May 5, 1975. Edited summaries from each of the session chairpersons are also given. The sessions were: (1) formulation and solution techniques, (2) K-theory versus higher order closure, (3) surface heat and moisture balance, (4) initialization and boundary problems, (5) nocturnal boundary layer, and (6) verification of models

Development of an infrared radiative heating model

Infrared radiative transfer solution algorithms used in global circulation models were assessed. Computation techniques applicable to the Ames circulation model are identified. Transmission properties of gaseous CO2, H2O, and O3 are gathered, and a computer program is developed, using the line parameter tape and Voight profile subroutine, which computes the transmission of CO2, H2O, and O3. A computer code designed to compute atmospheric cooling rates was developed

A TEST OF CONTINGENT MARKET BID ELICITATION PROCEDURES FOR PIECEWISE VALUATION

Economists are frequently faced with the task of valuing commodity package components. The valuation of specific impacts of public policies is a case in point. Two contingent market bid elicitation procedures were tested for valuing changes in single components of multicomponent government program. Results of the test suggested that respondents provided more accurate component to piecewise valuation when a two-step bidding approach, rather than a one-step approach was used. Thus, there is evidence that a two-step approach which helps respondents to isolate valuations for package components is perhaps a preferable bid elicitation procedure for piecewise valuation.Research Methods/ Statistical Methods,

ESTIMATING REVENUE-CAPTURE POTENTIAL ASSOCIATED WITH PUBLIC AREA RECREATION

A traditional contingent valuation approach and the “"trip response method"” were examined as potential techniques for measuring public area recreation revenue-capture potential. Empirical results suggest that both methods are useful for assessing revenue-capture potential. Additional research on alternative methods for assessing recreation revenue-capture potential is encouraged.Resource /Energy Economics and Policy,

Distance-Redshift in Inhomogeneous Omega0=1Omega_0=1 Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker Cosmology

Distance--redshift relations are given in terms of associated Legendre functions for partially filled beam observations inspatially flat Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) cosmologies. These models are dynamically pressure-free, flat FLRW on large scales but, due to mass inhomogeneities, differ in their optical properties. The partially filled beam area-redshift equation is a Lame$^{\prime}$ equation for arbitrary FLRW and is shown to simplify to the associated Legendre equation for the spatially flat, i.e. $\Omega_0=1$ case. We fit these new analytic Hubble curves to recent supernovae (SNe) data in an attempt to determine both the mass parameter $\Omega_m$ and the beam filling parameter $\nu$. We find that current data are inadequate to limit $\nu$. However, we are able to estimate what limits are possible when the number of observed SNe is increased by factor of 10 or 100, sample sizes achievable in the near future with the proposed SuperNova Acceleration Probe satellite.Comment: 9 pages, 3 figure

Microscopic calculation of 6Li elastic and transition form factors

Variational Monte Carlo wave functions, obtained from a realistic Hamiltonian consisting of the Argonne v18 two-nucleon and Urbana-IX three-nucleon interactions, are used to calculate the 6Li ground-state longitudinal and transverse form factors as well as transition form factors to the first four excited states. The charge and current operators include one- and two-body components, leading terms of which are constructed consistently with the two-nucleon interaction. The calculated form factors and radiative widths are in good agreement with available experimental data.Comment: 9 pages, 2 figures, REVTeX, submitted to Physical Review Letters, with updated introduction and reference

Test Fill to Determinate the Compression Behavior of a Closed Industrial Waste Landfill 10.07

A test fill was constructed over a closed, industrial waste landfill located in southeastern Michigan. The objective of this test fill was to evaluate the immediate and time-dependent response of the existing landfill to an increase in load. The closed landfill contains a widely varying mixture of non-hazardous industrial wastes such as foundry sand, ash, and wastewater treatment sludge. It also contains construction and demolition debris. The surface of the landfill is relatively flat and, at the site of the test fill, is underlain by approximately 30 feet (9.1 m) of waste, some 15 feet (4.6 m) of which is saturated. Native clay till underlies the closed landfill and is approximately 8 feet (2.4 m) thick. A fractured, relatively non-weathered limestone underlies the till. The test fill was comprised of approximately 5000 cubic yards (3,800 m3) of clay and was 12 feet (3.7 m) thick at its peak. The size at the base was approximately 160 feet (48.8 m) by 140 feet (42.7 m). The settlement of the existing landfill surface beneath the test fill was monitored with three laterally-distributed settlement points. Settlement of up to 0.5 feet (0.15 m) occurred concurrent with imposition of the increased load. On completion of the test fill construction, the settlement pattern became linear with the logarithm of time. From this data, load-dependent and time-dependent compression characteristics were estimated for the in-place industrial waste

Soft Tissue to Hard Tissue Advancement Ratios for Mandibular Elongation Using Distraction Osteogenesis in Children

Distraction osteogenesis is extensively used for the elongation of hypoplastic mandibles in children, yet the soft tissue profile response to this is not well understood. The pre- and posttreatment lateral cephalometric radiographs of 27 pediatric patients who underwent bilateral mandibular elongation using distraction osteogenesis were analyzed retrospectively to correlate horizontal soft tissue advancement with horizontal underlying bone advancement at B point and pogonion. Horizontal advancement (in millimeters) of bone and overlying soft tissue at these points was collected from the radiographs of each patient, and linear regression analysis was performed to determine the relationship of hard to soft tissue horizontal advancement at these points. A 1:0.90 mean ratio of bone to soft tissue advancement was observed at B point/labiomental sulcus and at pogonion/soft tissue pogonion (linear regression analysis demonstrated slopes [β1 values] of 0.94 and 0.92, respectively). These ratios were consistent throughout the sample population and are highly predictive of the soft tissue response that can be anticipated. Magnitude of advancement, age, and sex of the patient had no effect on these ratios in our population. This study assists with our understanding of the soft tissue response that accompanies bony elongation during distraction osteogenesis which will allow us to more effectively treatment plan the orthodontic and surgical intervention that will optimize the patients\u27 functional and esthetic outcome