Analysis of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Porosimetry And Their Thermal Conductivity with Ionic Liquid-Based Solvents

The suspension of nanoparticles with common heat transfer fluids like Ethylene glycol and water yields nanofluid exhibits superior thermal properties than their host fluids. Ionic liquids have the potential to demonstrate remarkable thermophysical properties (especially thermal conductivity) that ordinary nanofluids cannot achieve. On the other hand, the quantity and structure of nanoparticles porosity affects the nanofluid’s thermal conductivity considerably. Various investigations have revealed the improved thermophysical characteristicts of Multiwalled Carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) nanofluids containing common solvents or base fluids. However, only limited studies are available on the impact of thermal conductivity in Ionic liquid-based nanofluids (Ionanofluids) owing to their high cost and viscosity. Ultrasonication technique is employed in preparing the three different Ionanofluids containing 0.5 Wt.% via the two-step method to achieve a greater stability and thermal conductivity without utilizing surfactants. Experimental investigations are performed to boost the thermal conductivity of MWCNT/Propylene glycol nanofluid using 1,3-dimethyl imidazolium dimethyl phosphate [Mmim][DMP], 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium octyl sulfate [Emim][OSO4] and 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium diethyl phosphate [Emim][DEP] at a temperature ranging from 295 K to 355 K. The acquired results illustrated that the thermal conductivity of MWCNT Ionanofluids incorporated with [Mmim][DMP], [Emim][OSO4] and [Emim][DEP] increased by 37.5%, 5% and 2% respectively. This unique class of Ionanofluids shows incredible capacity for use in high temperature applications as conventional heat transfer fluids

Comprehensive study on nanofluid and ionanofluid for heat transfer enhancement:A review on current and future perspective

Researches on the improvement of heat transfer using nanofluids, ionanofluids, and nanofluid assisted devices have gained significant attention worldwide since the previous decade due to their remarkable properties. However, there are many difficulties in preparing a stable nanofluid and integrating it for practical applications to increase the dissipation of heat from any thermal systems. Even though there are some reviews on nanofluids and nanofluid assisted heat transfer devices separately, an attempt has been made to analyze the latest researches on nanofluids and ionanofluids that lead to an important discussion to enhance the thermal performance of a system. In this paper, we summarized the preparation, thermophysical and hydrothermal properties, mechanisms, factors responsible for obtaining stable and enhanced thermophysical properties furthermore and its benefits on integration with heat transfer applications. The present study compiles theoretical and experimental studies from researchers investigating on stable nanofluids and ionanofluids, incorporating their effects on heat transfer applications

Activity of cefepime/zidebactam against MDR Escherichia coli isolates harbouring a novel mechanism of resistance based on four-amino-acid inserts in PBP3

BACKGROUND: Recent reports reveal the emergence of Escherichia coli isolates harbouring a novel resistance mechanism based on four-amino-acid inserts in PBP3. These organisms concomitantly expressed ESBLs or/and serine-/metallo-carbapenemases and were phenotypically detected by elevated aztreonam/avibactam MICs. OBJECTIVES: The in vitro activities of the investigational antibiotic cefepime/zidebactam and approved antibiotics (ceftazidime/avibactam, ceftolozane/tazobactam, imipenem/relebactam and others) were determined against E. coli isolates harbouring four-amino-acid inserts in PBP3. METHODS: Whole-genome sequenced E. coli isolates (n = 89) collected from a large tertiary care hospital in Southern India (n = 64) and from 12 tertiary care hospitals located across India (n = 25) during 2016-18, showing aztreonam/avibactam MICs ≥1 mg/L (≥4 times the aztreonam epidemiological cut-off) were included in this study. The MICs of antibiotics were determined using the reference broth microdilution method. RESULTS: Four-amino-acid inserts [YRIK (n = 30) and YRIN (n = 53)] were found in 83/89 isolates. Among 83 isolates, 65 carried carbapenemase genes [blaNDM (n = 39), blaOXA-48-like (n = 11) and blaNDM + blaOXA-48-like (n = 15)] and 18 isolates produced ESBLs/class C β-lactamases only. At least 16 unique STs were noted. Cefepime/zidebactam demonstrated potent activity, with all isolates inhibited at ≤1 mg/L. Comparator antibiotics including ceftazidime/avibactam and imipenem/relebactam showed limited activities. CONCLUSIONS: E. coli isolates concurrently harbouring four-amino-acid inserts in PBP3 and NDM are an emerging therapeutic challenge. Assisted by the PBP2-binding action of zidebactam, the cefepime/zidebactam combination overcomes both target modification (PBP3 insert)- and carbapenemase (NDM)-mediated resistance mechanisms in E. coli

Edible vaccines: A novel approach to oral immunization and their application in clinical trails

Infectious diseases cause more than one million deaths every year. Fifty percent of these diseases are caused by bacteria that infect the mucosal membrane of the mammalian host. Vaccines are recognized worldwide as one of the most effective resources against infectious diseases. It is a biological product that can improve the immune response to specific diseases. Edible vaccines are referred to the use of edible parts of the genetically modified plants. It effects on the lining of the gastrointestinal tract allows the activation of systemic immunity and mucosal immunity (GIT). Edible vaccines are used to prevent various diseases, such as hepatitis B, measles, malaria, cholera, Norwalk disease, anthrax, foot-and-mouth disease, rabies, rotavirus, HIV, HPV, diabetes, and sexually transmitted diseases. The purpose of this review is to introduce edible vaccines as a novel oral immunization method, the types and uses of edible vaccines in clinical trials