Extraction and determination of heavy metals in soil and vegetables irrigated with treated municipal wastewater using new mode of dispersive liquid�liquid microextraction based on the solidified deep eutectic solvent followed by GFAAS

BACKGROUND: In this research, a new extraction method based on dispersive liquid�liquid microextraction and the solidification of deep eutectic solvent has been developed for the determination of heavy metals in soil and vegetables prior to their analysis by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS). In this method, a green solvent consisting of 1-decyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride and 1-undecanol was used as an extraction solvent, yielding the advantages of material stability, low density and a suitable freezing point near room temperature. RESULTS: Under optimal conditions, enrichment factors are in the range of 114�172. The calibration graphs are linear in the range of 0.02�200 µg kg�1 and limits of detection are in the range of 0.01�0.03 µg kg�1. Repeatability and reproducibility of the method based on seven replicate measurements of 0.80 µg kg�1 of Hg and 0.20 µg kg�1 of Pb and Cd in analyzed samples were in the range of 2.3�4.1 and 3.7�6.6, respectively. CONCLUSION: A new deep eutectic solvent consists of two parts: 1-decyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride and 1-undecanol in a molar ratio of 1:2. The accuracy of the proposed procedure was also assessed by determining the concentration of the studied metal ions in a polluted farmland soil standard reference material. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industr

Thymidilate synthase and methionine synthase polymorphisms in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in Western Iran

Introduction: Polymorphism in genes involved in folate metabolism may cotribute to the susceptibility to acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Patients and Methods: To examine the influence of polymorphism in thymidylate synthase (TS 28-bp repeat) and methionine synthase (MS A2756G) genes on the susceptibility to ALL, 73 children with ALL and 128 age and gender matched, unrelated healthy individuals from Kermanshah Province were studied. Detection of TS 28-bp repeat and MS A2756G polymorphisms were performed by PCR and PCR-RFLP, respectively. Results: The frequency of TS 2R allele in patients and controls were 41.5 and 38, respectively (OR 1.4, 95CI 0.76-2.56, P=0.27). The allelic frequency of G allele of MS was higher (25) in patients compared with healthy subjects (23) OR 1.04, 95%CI 0.58-1.87, P=0.8. Considering MS AA and TS 3R3R genotypes as references indication where that individuals with MS GG+TS 2R2R genotypes have 1.3-fold increase risk of ALL (OR 1.3, 95%CI 0.6-2.7, P=0.5). Conclusions: For the first time, our study has determined the frequency of polymorphism in two genes involved in the folate metabolism in a homogenous ethnic group of ALL patients. It seems that neither TS 28bp-repeat nor MS A2756G polymorphisms might be risk factors for susceptibility to ALL in western Iran