Leukoencephalopathy with brainstem and spinal cord involvement and high brain lactate: report of three brazilian patients Leucoencefalopatia com envolvimento do tronco cerebral e da medula espinal e elevação do lactato cerebral: relato de três casos brasileiros

A novel leukoencephalopathy was recently identified based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H-MRS) findings. Leukoencephalopathy with brainstem and spinal cord involvement and high lactate (LBSL) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by early onset of symptoms and slowly progressive cerebellar, pyramidal and spinal cord dorsal column dysfunction. MRI and ¹H-MRS typically show abnormalities within cerebral and cerebellar white matter, a characteristic involvement of brainstem and spinal cord tracts and elevated lactate in the abnormal white matter. We present three cases with characteristic clinical and neuroimaging findings of this disorder. Some additional unique findings of our patients are discussed, like distal motor neuropathy and elevated creatine kinase in the serum.Uma nova leucoencefalopatia foi recentemente descrita com base em achados característicos de ressonância magnética e espectroscopia de prótons por ressonância magnética. Leucoencefalopatia com envolvimento do tronco cerebral e da medula espinal e elevação do lactato cerebral é uma doença autossômica recessiva de aparecimento precoce e evolução lenta, caracterizada por disfunção cerebelar, piramidal e das colunas dorsais da medula. Ressonância magnética e espectroscopia de prótons tipicamente demonstram anormalidades na substância branca cerebral e cerebelar, com envolvimento característico de tratos no tronco encefálico e na medula espinhal e aumento de lactato na substância branca cerebral anormal. Relatamos três casos com achados clínicos e de neuroimagem característicos. Achados adicionais peculiares aos nossos pacientes são discutidos, como a elevação da creatina-quinase sérica e a presença de neuropatia motora distal

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data