‘Her haggling nature never leaves her’:Dutch identity and Jewish stereotypes in the writings of Nicolaas François Hoefnagel (1735-1784)

This article investigates how Nicolaas François Hoefnagel (1735-1784) uses pejorative images of the Jew to delineate the boundaries of Dutch identity. It explores Hoefnagel’s dislike for Jews and his quest to morally enhance the Dutch. Against the background of contemporary situations, Hoefnagel set old stereotypical images of the Jew. The Jew became in this respect an instrument for the moral rearmament of the Dutch nation. As such this article will show that his construction of Jewish stereotypes served as a sounding board for Dutch identity.</p

Untersuchungen zur Solventextraktion von Indium durch saure phosphororganische Verbindungen

Die Auswertung der Literatur hat für die Solventextraktion von In(III) mit sauren phosphororganischen Verbindungen voneinander abweichendes Verhalten ergeben. Dieses Verhalten bei der Extraktion von In(III) konnte durch Extraktionsexperimente mit Variation von pH-Wert und Beladung der organischen Phasen bestätigt werden. Durch spektroskopische und bildgebende Analysen konnte der Nachweis für die Bildung polymerer Komplexe erbracht werden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen außerdem, dass der entscheidende Faktor für die Bildung der polymeren Komplexe die Verbrückung einzelner monozentrischer Komplexe ist. Für die Phosphinsäure Cyanex272 gegenüber der Phosphonsäure EHEHPA und der Phosphorsäure D2EHPA ist der polare Bindungscharakter der P=O-Einheit stärker ausgeprägt, weshalb das Bestreben darüber eine Bindung auszubilden erhöht ist. Diese Eigenschaft bedingt die unvollständige Phasentrennung bei geringeren Beladungen mit In(III) gegenüber der Beladung der weiteren untersuchten phosphorhaltigen Extraktionsmittel bei vergleichbaren Extraktionsbedingungen.:Abkürzungs- und Symbolverzeichnis iii 1 Einleitung 7 2 Indium – Verfügbarkeit und Gewinnungstechnologien 10 2.1 Verfügbarkeit von Indium 10 2.2 Gewinnungstechnologien für Indium 13 2.2.1 Geeignete Extraktionssysteme für die In(III)-Extraktion 14 2.2.2 Struktur und Eigenschaften saurer phosphororganischer Verbindungen 16 2.2.3 Wechselwirkungen saurer phosphororganischer Verbindungen in wässriger und organischer Phase 18 3 Präzisierung der Aufgabenstellung 23 4 Extraktionsuntersuchungen 24 4.1 Material und Methoden 24 4.2 Untersuchung der Extraktion von In(III) in Abhängigkeit vom pH-Wert 26 4.3 Untersuchung der Beladung der organischen Phase mit In(III) 28 4.3.1 Variation der Ausgangskonzentration von In(III) in der wässrigen Phase 29 4.3.2 Variation des Phasenverhältnisses (wässrig/organisch) bei konstanter Konzentration von In(III) in der wässrigen Phase 31 4.4 Diskussion der Ergebnisse der Extraktionsuntersuchungen 34 5 Spektroskopische und rasterelektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen der organischen Phasen 37 5.1 FT-IR-spektroskopische Untersuchungen 37 5.1.1 IR-Spektren der in Kerosin gelösten sauren phosphororganischen Verbindungen 40 5.1.2 IR-Spektren der in Kerosin gelösten sauren phosphororganischen Verbindungen in Gegenwart von In(III) 42 5.1.3 Diskussion der Ergebnisse der IR-Spektroskopie 45 5.2 ESI-massenspektrometrische Untersuchungen 47 5.2.1 ESI-Massenspektren der in Kerosin gelösten sauren phosphororganischen Verbindungen 49 5.2.2 ESI-Massenspektren der in Kerosin gelösten sauren phosphororganischen Verbindungen in Gegenwart von In(III) 54 5.2.3 Diskussion der Ergebnisse der ESI-Massenspektrometrie 59 5.3 NMR-spektroskopische Untersuchungen 63 5.3.1 Vorversuche zur Bestimmung der Signallagen von A1H in 1H NMR-Spektren 65 5.3.2 1H NMR-Spektren der in Kerosin gelösten sauren phosphororganischen Verbindungen 69 5.3.3 1H NMR-Spektren der in Kerosin gelösten sauren phosphororganischen Verbindungen in Gegenwart von In(III) 70 5.3.4 Diskussion der Ergebnisse der 1H NMR-Spektroskopie 73 5.3.5 Vorversuche zur Bestimmung der Signallagen von A1H in 31P NMR-Spektren 78 5.3.6 31P NMR-Spektren der in Kerosin gelösten sauren phosphororganischen Verbindungen 80 5.3.7 31P NMR-Spektren der in Kerosin gelösten sauren phosphororganischen Verbindungen in Gegenwart von In(III) 82 5.3.8 Diskussion der Ergebnisse der 31P NMR-Spektroskopie 85 5.4 Rasterelektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen 89 5.4.1 REM-Aufnahmen und EDX-Analyse der gebildeten 3ten Phase von A3H in Gegenwart von In(III) 89 5.4.2 Diskussion der Ergebnisse der Rasterelektronenmikroskopie 90 5.5 Zusammenfassende Diskussion der relevanten Ergebnisse 91 6 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 99 7 Abbildungsverzeichnis 101 8 Tabellenverzeichnis 104 Literaturverzeichnis 106 Danksagung 121 Versicherung 122 Anhang

Making Jews Dutch:Secular discourse and Jewish responses, 1796-1848

The transformation of Dutch Ashkenazi Jewry after the Emancipation Decree of 1796 was not part of a process of secularization, in which Jews become less religious, but resulted from the restructuring of the religious and secular fields. Changing ideas on what was religious and not created a grey area, wherein the boundaries between the secular and the religious were renegotiated. These changing ideas defined the Jewish community´s transition to the status of a religious minority and also shaped new Jewish identities. This study investigates the various Jewish responses to cultural change in a secularizing environment. It identifies the modes of Jewish responses and provides an explanation for religious change

Symbiotic nutrient cycling enables the long-term survival of Aiptasia in the absence of heterotrophic food sources

Phototrophic Cnidaria are mixotrophic organisms that can complement their heterotrophic diet with nutrients assimilated by their algal endosymbionts. Metabolic models suggest that the translocation of photosynthates and their derivatives from the algae may be sufficient to cover the metabolic energy demands of the host. However, the importance of heterotrophy to the nutritional budget of these holobionts remains unclear. Here, we report on the long-term survival of the photosymbiotic anemone Aiptasia in the absence of heterotrophic food sources. Following one year of heterotrophic starvation, these anemones remained fully viable but showed an 85 % reduction in biomass compared to their regularly fed counterparts. This shrinking was accompanied by a reduction in host protein content and algal density, indicative of severe nitrogen limitation. Nonetheless, isotopic labeling experiments combined with NanoSIMS imaging revealed that the contribution of algal-derived nutrients to the host metabolism remained unaffected due to an increase in algal photosynthesis and more efficient carbon translocation. Taken together, our results suggest that, on a one- year timescale, heterotrophic feeding is not essential to fulfilling the energy requirements of the holobiont. But, while symbiotic nutrient cycling effectively retains carbon in the holobiont over long time scales, our data suggest that heterotrophic feeding is a critical source of nitrogen required for holobiont growth under oligotrophic conditions

Microbiota independent effects of oligosaccharides on Caco-2 cells -A semi-targeted metabolomics approach using DI-FT-ICR-MS coupled with pathway enrichment analysis

Milk oligosaccharides (MOS) and galactooligosaccharides (GOS) are associated with many benefits, including anti-microbial effects and immune-modulating properties. However, the cellular mechanisms of these are largely unknown. In this study, the effects of enriched GOS and MOS mixtures from caprine and bovine milk consisting mainly 6&#39;-galactosyllactose, 3&#39;-sialyllactose, and 6&#39;-sialyllactose on Caco-2 cells were investigated, and the treatment-specific metabolomes were described. In the control, the cells were treated with a sugar mix consisting of one-third each of glucose, galactose and lactose. A local metabolomics workflow with pathway enrichment was established, which specifically addresses DI-FT-ICR-MS analyses and includes adaptations in terms of measurement technology and sample matrices. By including quality parameters, especially the isotope pattern, we increased the precision of annotation. The independence from online tools, the fast adaptability to changes in databases, and the specific adjustment to the measurement technology and biomaterial used, proved to be a great advantage. For the first time it was possible to find 71 active pathways in a Caco-2 cell experiment. These pathways were assigned to 12 main categories, with amino acid metabolism and carbohydrate metabolism being the most dominant categories in terms of the number of metabolites and metabolic pathways. Treatment of Caco-2 cells with high GOS and glucose contents resulted in significant effects on several metabolic pathways, whereas the MOS containing treatments resulted only for individual metabolites in significant changes. An effect based on bovine or caprine origin alone could not be observed. Thus, it was shown that MOS and GOS containing treatments can exert microbiome-independent effects on the metabolome of Caco-2 cells

Greater functional diversity and redundancy of coral endolithic microbiomes align with lower coral bleaching susceptibility.

The skeleton of reef-building coral harbors diverse microbial communities that could compensate for metabolic deficiencies caused by the loss of algal endosymbionts, i.e., coral bleaching. However, it is unknown to what extent endolith taxonomic diversity and functional potential might contribute to thermal resilience. Here we exposed Goniastrea edwardsi and Porites lutea, two common reef-building corals from the central Red Sea to a 17-day long heat stress. Using hyperspectral imaging, marker gene/metagenomic sequencing, and NanoSIMS, we characterized their endolithic microbiomes together with 15N and 13C assimilation of two skeletal compartments: the endolithic band directly below the coral tissue and the deep skeleton. The bleaching-resistant G. edwardsi was associated with endolithic microbiomes of greater functional diversity and redundancy that exhibited lower N and C assimilation than endoliths in the bleaching-sensitive P. lutea. We propose that the lower endolithic primary productivity in G. edwardsi can be attributed to the dominance of chemolithotrophs. Lower primary production within the skeleton may prevent unbalanced nutrient fluxes to coral tissues under heat stress, thereby preserving nutrient-limiting conditions characteristic of a stable coral-algal symbiosis. Our findings link coral endolithic microbiome structure and function to bleaching susceptibility, providing new avenues for understanding and eventually mitigating reef loss