A case of histoplasmosis mimicking tuberculosis

Drug resistance to Tuberculosis is an emerging problem but proper exhaustive workup needs to be done before confirming the diagnosis. The case of a 5 year old male child who presented with low grade fever and lymphadenopathy and was being treated with anti TB drugs with no satisfactory response is presented. A detail workup including a biopsy gave the diagnosis of histoplasmosis

Collecting duct carcinoma: an incidental finding in a non functional kidney secondary to nephrolithiasis

A nephrectomy specimen was sent to the laboratory for end stage renal disease secondary to nephrolithiasis. Initial sections incidentally revealed a tumor infiltrating the normal renal tissue. Further workup including cytochemical and immuno-histochemical stains confirmed it to be collecting duct carcinoma

Allred scoring for ER reporting and it\u27s impact in clearly distinguishing ER negative from ER positive breast cancers

Objective: To determine the scoring of Estrogen Receptor (ER) status in carcinoma breast by Allred method that is essentially bimodal and to compare the results with a conventional scoring system.Materials and Methods: A retrospective, comparative study carried out at Aga Khan University Hospital Section of Histopathology over a period of 18 months i.e. Jan 2005 to June 2006. Anti ER antibody (clone D07) was used for all IHC stains using envision detection system. ER stains of 860 consecutive breast cancer cases were reviewed and rescored by both conventional and Allred method of ER scoring.Results: Comparison of results showed that there was a substantial decrease in weak positive cases from 18% to 5% by rescoring using Allred scoring system compared to conventional scoring. The data was analyzed using chi square test.Conclusion: The sensitivity and specificity of Allred method were calculated; Sensitivity of Allred method was 99.4% & Specificity of Allred method was 99.5% whereas sensitivity and specificity of conventional method was 88.0 % and 84 % respectively

CONSUMER PANACEA OVER INTERNET USAGE IN PAKISTAN

The present age is the era of information technology and everywhere microwaves are scattered. Everybody wants to explore itself with this information technology and happenings taking place of Internet for the purpose of education, awareness, entertainment and especially interaction with strangers. In Pakistan, the awareness of internet usage is increasing and people are gaining knowledge about online buying and selling. Although the Internet may well empower consumers, there is a paucity of systematic conceptual, analytical, or empirical research indicating that the Internet will in fact lead to more and better information, which in turn will lead to better consumer decision making. The Internet is not, in and of itself, a monolithic entity subject to broad generalizations. It is a complex phenomenon, unlike anything else in history and not completely understood. This research finds that consumers who have more positive beliefs about Internet apparel shopping have more positive attitude toward Internet apparel shopping than do consumers who have less positive beliefs about Internet apparel shopping and consumers who have more social support for Internet apparel shopping perceive more social acceptance of Internet apparel shopping than do consumers who have less social support for Internet apparel shopping.e-Marketing, internet usage.

Comparison of estrogen receptors, progesterone receptors and HER-2/neu expression between primary and metastatic breast carcinoma

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether receptor status and HER-2/neu status remains same in primary and metastatic breast carcinoma to corresponding lymph nodes of individual patients. METHODS: Estrogen receptors, progesterone receptors and HER-2/neu immunohistochemical stains were performed on primary and metastatic breast carcinoma to axillary lymph nodes in 100 patients. Data was collected on a Performa and age, tumour size, type, grade and expression of ER, PR and HER-2/neu on primary and metastatic tumours were recorded. RESULTS: Hormone receptor status was compared between primary and metastatic tumours. Estrogen receptor positivity was observed in 28% primary tumours which were reduced to 25% in metastatic carcinoma. Progesterone receptors were positive in 28% primary tumours as compared to 22% in metastatic tumours. Her-2/neu protein over expression was noted in 44% primary and 45% metastatic breast tumours respectively. In case to case comparison ER, PR and HER-2/neu showed 91%, 88% and 95% concordance in primary and metastatic tumours respectively. CONCLUSION: ER, PR and HER-2/neu biomarkers showed significant concordance between primary and metastatic breast carcinoma

Fight the power: how CAGE resists from within a “suspect community”

Against the backdrop of the War on Terror, the British government has introduced a strict counter-terrorism regime that has disproportionately targeted Muslim communities through on-going practices of racialization and surveillance. This paper examines the ways in which grassroots organizations have developed responses and strategies to resist counter-terrorism policy and state Islamophobia in the context of the United Kingdom and the United States. The paper uses a practitioner’s perspective to locate real-life experiences of working within such an organization, as a means to understand the complex processes by which structural power is exercised to suppress legitimate voices of colour seeking to critique policy and practice. It examines the consequences of such silencing and the wider risks this poses for dissent and debate in democratic societies

Experiencing the War on Terror: Bringing experiential knowledge into Critical Terrorism Studies

Critical Terrorism Studies has produced an important volume of work in assessing and critiquing epistemological understandings of the War on Terror. Largely missing from this body of work, however, is the experience of those who are directly impacted by the policies of this global conflict. By rethinking the War on Terror as an experience of war, I posit a wider understanding of this war, by reassessing its temporal and spatial boundaries. Further, I seek to understand war through the experiences of those impacted by it. By providing a wider understanding of war and expanding our knowledge of its boundaries, I am able to show that those impacted by the policies of the War on Terror, can claim to have been subject to an experience of war, even when that experience takes place outside of the war zone. My work for the last fifteen years has predominantly been based in the field, meeting with those who have survived the impact of global counter-terrorism policies. It is based on the work I have produced out of their stories that this thesis provides an ontological reframing of how war is experienced. By relying on this work, I first show how epistemological constructions of the terrorism 'threat' can become a site of war itself. I then move on to extending our understanding of where the War on Terror might be experienced, beyond traditional notions of a warzone. Third, I present evidence that shifts our knowledge of the starting date of the War on Terror's response to the attacks of 11 September 2001. The point is further made that an individual may be unaware of the existence of a war until they are impacted by its far- reaching policies, even in a country that is not at war. My penultimate contribution in this thesis is to argue that the War on Terror represents a continuum in terms of its language, epistemology and ontology. Finally, I consider my own positionality to the subject of my fieldwork, as a Muslim who has worked for and on the cases of those who are Muslim, within an environment of suspicion

Fibromatous periorchitis

We report a case of diffuse fibrous pseudotumour/fibromatous periorchitis, in a 43 year old male, that completely encased the right testis and was adjacent to a hydrocoele cavity. Although fibrous pseudotumours of this region are uncommon, they are reported to be the second most common benign paratesticular lesion after adenomatoid tumours. These comprise approximately 6 percent of paratesticular lesions, and are accepted as reactive lesions secondary to trauma, hydrocoele, infections or inflammation. Fibrous pseudotumours have a peak incidence in the third decade of life but can occur at any age. Clinically these lesions mimic malignancy resulting in the treatment by radical orchidectomy. Fibrous pseudotumours should be considered in differential diagnosis when one encounters a predominantly fibrocollagenous lesion