Modeling of velocity distributions inside and above tall crops

Reprinted from Journal of Applied Meteorology v. 7, no. 3, June 1965, pages 400-408.CER64EJP-AAQ-2.Includes bibliographical references.Velocity distributions inside and above a model crop were investigated. The model crop consisted of flexible plastic strips fastened to the floor of a low speed wind tunnel. The experimental results indicated that at some distance xo downstream from the edge of the roughness cover the velocity profiles were similar inside and also above the cover. The length xo is discussed. The experimental results for the velocity distribution inside the plant cover were compared with field data obtained from different sources. A presentation of the velocity profiles inside the canopy in nondimensional form collapsed all field and laboratory data for a given crop type on one curve. The laboratory flow above the crop cover was analyzed using a power law form and using the logarithmic velocity distribution law. On the basis of the experimental results it is recommended that a two-tower arrangement of wind velocity measuring devices be used both for the evaluation of the surface shear stress and for checking the establishment of similarity profiles in the field

Optimising rigour in focus group analysis : using content/thematic and form/structural approaches to understand British Somali's experiences of policing in London

There is evidence that focus groups are useful to explore issues with socially marginalised groups, notably when participants have shared particular experiences. Focus groups have the methodological potential to highlight group norms and processes, and to illuminate the social and cultural contexts in which individual agency takes place. However, an often cited concern about focus groups is researchers’ inadequate description of the analytical process which then affects the usefulness and credibility of the findings and rigour in analysis. In this article we address this concern and offer an analytical framework which takes account of the content (themes) and form (structure) of focus group data. Framed within an interpretivist paradigm, our analysis is driven by a theoretical interest in how race/ethnicity as social positions shape young British Somali men’s individual and shared experiences of policing in London

Focusing on Children’s Strengths: Accessing Effective Mental Health Services for Juvenile Justice-Involved Youth Through Collaboration and Understanding Federal Entitlements to Care

Between 65 and 70 percent of youth in the juvenile justice system have mental health disorders, with some studies estimating that at least 20 percent of these youth have severe disorders that significantly impair functioning. Many of these youth are entitled to adequate and responsive mental health services through federal programs like Medicaid’s Early Periodic Screening Diagnosis and Treatment Program (EPSDT), the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (Section 504). Despite these entitlements to care, by and large, the systems that serve youth fail to provide mental health services that address the individualized needs of justice-involved youth. There is tremendous potential for advocates and system actors to use these entitlements to get youth individualized, appropriate care. Each actor in the juvenile justice system can play a critical role in helping to ensure youth get the services they need. This paper will discuss how advocates and court partners can better meet the mental health needs of children in the juvenile justice system through these entitlements

Criminalising religious pluralism : the legal treatment of Shiites in Malaysia

Shia teachings and doctrine are currently being socially-constructed as a new threat to the survival of Sunni Islam, followed by the majority of Muslims in Malaysia. The Government has taken action by using legal mechanisms to control the influence of Shia teachings and to prevent its widespread proliferation. The Islamic legal provisions concerning aqidah (Islamic creed)-related offences and fatwas are potentially regarded as tools to monitor the lives of Shia individuals and communities in Malaysia. This article critically evaluates the formal consequences for Shia communities in Malaysia stemming from a legal framework, which is based on Sunni Islam. Furthermore, this article evaluates the extent to which Islamic law and fatwas in Malaysia can control the practice and promulgation of Shia teachings. The significance of this article is in its depiction of how Islamic law in a Sunni Islamic state may impact the religious practices of individuals and communities who make up a Muslim minority, with Shiites being the prime example. Keywords: Faith-related crime; Sharia law in Malaysia; Minority religious group right; Sunni-Shiite relationship; Islam in Malaysia

The effect of slope steepness and antecedent moisture content on interrill erosion, runoff and sediment size distribution in the highlands of Ethiopia

Soil erosion is a two-phase process consisting of the detachment of individual particles and their transport by the flowing water. This study discusses the results of laboratory experiments in which for three soils, the runoff depth, sediment yield, splash erosion and sediment size were measured. Rainfall intensity, slope and antecedent moisture contents were varied in the experiment. The soil types ranged from clay to sandy clay loam (Alemaya Black soil, Regosols and Cambisols). Rainfall was applied for six sequential 15-min periods with rainfall intensities varying between 55 and 120 mm h<sup>−1</sup>. The three slopes tested were 9, 25, and 45 %. Results show that as slope increased from 9 to 25 %, splash erosion and sediment yield increased. An increase in slope from 25 to 45 % generally decreases in splash erosion. Sediment yield for one soil increased and one soil decreased with slope and for the third soil the trend was different between the two initial moisture contents. Sediment yield was correlated (<i>r</i> = 0.66) with runoff amounts but not with splash erosion. Interrill erosion models that were based on the flowing water and rainfall intensity fitted the data better than when based on rainfall intensity solely. Models that assume a positive linear relationship between erosion and slope may overestimate sediment yield

Vitamin D Status and Community-Acquired Pneumonia: Results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Objective: To investigate the association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] level and history of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Patients and Methods We identified 16,975 individuals (≥17 years) from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) with documented 25(OH)D levels. To investigate the association of 25(OH)D with history of CAP in these participants, we developed a multivariable logistic regression model, adjusting for demographic factors (age, sex, race, poverty-to-income ratio, and geographic location), clinical data (body mass index, smoking status, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, congestive heart failure, diabetes mellitus, stroke, chronic kidney disease, neutropenia, and alcohol consumption), and season. Locally weighted scatterplot smoothing (LOWESS) was used to depict the relationship between increasing 25(OH)D levels and the cumulative frequency of CAP in the study cohort. Results: The median [interquartile range (IQR)] serum 25(OH)D level was 24 (IQR 18–32) ng/mL. 2.1% [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.9–2.3] of participants reported experiencing a CAP within one year of their participation in the national survey. After adjusting for demographic factors, clinical data, and season, 25(OH)D levels <30 ng/mL were associated with 56% higher odds of CAP [odds ratio 1.56; 95% confidence interval: 1.17–2.07] compared to levels ≥30 ng/mL. LOWESS analysis revealed a near linear relationship between vitamin D status and the cumulative frequency of CAP up to 25(OH)D levels around 30 ng/mL. Conclusion: Among 16,975 participants in NHANES III, 25(OH)D levels were inversely associated with history of CAP. Randomized controlled trials are warranted to determine the effect of optimizing vitamin D status on the risk of CAP

The Behaviors of some Counting Functions of ‎g-primes and g-integers as x goes to Infinity‎

&nbsp;في هذا البحث نركز على تصرفات الدوال الحسابية الموسعة للأعداد الاولية (x) وللأعداد الصحيحة &nbsp; (x) وكذلك الرابط بينهما عندما x &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;. هنا دالة ريمان زيتا &nbsp;&nbsp; (s) ( = &nbsp;, (s)&nbsp; &gt; 1 ), تلعب دورا مهما كرابط بين (x) و &nbsp; (x) . هذا العمل سيتم من خلال سلوك طريقة العالم بلنزاريو ]بلنزاريو،&nbsp; 1998 [ &nbsp;&nbsp;ليست بالتفاصيل والتي عممت من خلال المعموري ] المعموري ، 2013 [ . بالنهاية سوف نرسم مخططا يحدد العلاقة بين &nbsp;و &nbsp;( حيث &nbsp;و &nbsp;هما القوى للحدود الخطأ H1(x) &nbsp;و H2(x) من (x) و &nbsp; (x) على التوالي . الغرض من هذا البحث هو تحليل تصرفات (x) و &nbsp; (x) عندما x &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;. ملاحظة : من المهم والنافع الاشارة بان جهدنا في هذا البحث ليست تغيير بعض قيم الدوال التي استخدمت في طريقة بلنزاريو حيث ان تغيير اي قيمة مهما كانت صغيرة لإحدى دوال طريقة بلنزاريو ربما تقودنا الى خسارة هدف الموضوع بأكمله . ولهذا نبين ايضا قابلية التغيير المسموح بها في قيم بعض الدوال . كذلك سوف نختم البحث بفتح باب لعمل مستقبلي&nbsp; In this article &nbsp;we&nbsp; focus on the behaviors of&nbsp; the generalised counting&nbsp; function of primes (x) &nbsp;and&nbsp; the counting&nbsp; function of integers &nbsp; (x) as well as &nbsp;the link between them as&nbsp; x&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;. Here the Riemann zeta function&nbsp; (s) ( = &nbsp;, (s)&nbsp; &gt; 1 ) &nbsp;play an &nbsp;important &nbsp;role &nbsp;as&nbsp; a link between&nbsp;&nbsp; (x)&nbsp; and&nbsp; (x)&nbsp; . &nbsp;This&nbsp; work&nbsp; will&nbsp; go&nbsp; through&nbsp; the &nbsp;method&nbsp; ( not&nbsp; in&nbsp; details )&nbsp; adapted&nbsp; by Balanzario &nbsp;[Balanzario , 1998] &nbsp;&nbsp;and &nbsp;later &nbsp;generalised &nbsp;by&nbsp; AL- Maamori [AL- Maamori , 2013 ] . Finally we shall draw a diagram in order to determine the relation between&nbsp; &nbsp;and &nbsp; &nbsp;, (where &nbsp;and&nbsp; &nbsp;are the power of the error terms H1(x) , H2(x) of (x) and (x) respectively) . The aim of this work is to analysis &nbsp;the behaviour of (x) &nbsp;and &nbsp; (x) as &nbsp;x &nbsp; &nbsp;. &nbsp; Note that : ʺ &nbsp;It’s a beneficial to point out that our effort in this paper is not to exchange the values of some functions of &nbsp;Balanzarioʹs &nbsp;method . Since , changing any small value of one of the functions of&nbsp; Balanzarioʹs method may be leads to loss the aim of the work&nbsp; ʺ &nbsp;. Therefore , in this article we show &nbsp;the ability of &nbsp;changing &nbsp;the values of &nbsp;some functions and in which places in the proof we should sort out

Functional status in ICU survivors and out of hospital outcomes: a cohort study

OBJECTIVES: Functional status at hospital discharge may be a risk factor for adverse events among survivors of critical illness. We sought to examine the association between functional status at hospital discharge in survivors of critical care and risk of 90-day all-cause mortality after hospital discharge. DESIGN: Single-center retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Academic Medical Center. PATIENTS: Ten thousand three hundred forty-three adults who received critical care from 1997 to 2011 and survived hospitalization. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The exposure of interest was functional status determined at hospital discharge by a licensed physical therapist and rated based on qualitative categories adapted from the Functional Independence Measure. The main outcome was 90-day post hospital discharge all-cause mortality. A categorical risk-prediction score was derived and validated based on a logistic regression model of the function grades for each assessment. In an adjusted logistic regression model, the lowest quartile of functional status at hospital discharge was associated with an increased odds of 90-day postdischarge mortality compared with patients with independent functional status (odds ratio, 7.63 [95% CI, 3.83-15.22; p < 0.001]). In patients who had at least 7 days of physical therapy treatment prior to hospital discharge (n = 2,293), the adjusted odds of 90-day postdischarge mortality in patients with marked improvement in functional status at discharge was 64% less than patients with no change in functional status (odds ratio, 0.36 [95% CI, 0.24-0.53]; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Lower functional status at hospital discharge in survivors of critical illness is associated with increased postdischarge mortality. Furthermore, patients whose functional status improves before discharge have decreased odds of postdischarge mortality.L30 TR001257 - NCATS NIH HH