Transmission line protection challenges infuenced by inverter-based resources: a review

High penetration of renewable energy sources (RES) leads to new challenges for protection devices. Protection schemes are typically designed according to the dynamic behavior of rotating machines as generation sources, while the RES dynamic response, mainly governed by inverters, is not considered. Consequently, some relevant algorithms of transmission line protection are experiencing challenges because of the fact that magnitude and phase angle comparison, amount of negative-sequence, and short-circuit current level are afected by the RES. Therefore, an in-depth study of this issue is necessary, one which considers the main causes and new methodological criteria solutions. This work presents an extensive literature review of the evaluation of electrical protection performance and the efects of RES connected to a power grid through inverters. Bibliographic data on many representative publications related to this topic are obtained to show the current research lines and their proposed solutions. In addition, this work identifes the main protection functions afected and describes the new protection schemes that consider RES. Finally, an analysis and discussion of the selected bibliography are presented.Campus At

Economic feasibility assessment of microgrids with renewable energy sources in Peruvian rural areas

Electrifcation of Peru's rural areas is an issue of vital importance for economic growth. However, these areas still have poor quality electricity service or operate in a stand-alone mode with high cost of energy. To address this problem, one of the most promising strategies proposes the use of renewable energy technologies through the implementation of electrical microgrids (MGs). In this context, this research develops the analysis of 37 cases of rural villages throughout Peru in order to obtain the optimal MG design and the most feasible areas for its implementation, considering the associated costs, geographic location and load characteristics. For this purpose, an optimization process is carried out using HOMER Prosoftware with the aim of sizing the MG with the minimum net present cost and cost of energy. Then, an iterative process is developed in MATLAB software to map cost values, renewable contribution, emissions, the energy charge and the annual savings in the utility bill. This analysis considers fve scenarios base on a grid-connected MG (with sensitivity values of grid sellback price) and an of-grid MG system. The results show the geographic distribution of all the annual utility saving bill. For the grid-connected MG condition, it presents a proft in the range of $107.08 to$368.2 compared to loads connected to the grid; while for the of-grid MG condition, it presents a proft in the range of $1269 to$4976 in comparison with loads connected to a diesel generator.Campus Lima Nort

Ultra-High-Speed Transmission Line Differential Protection using an Error Index of Bergeron Equation

The Ultra-high-speed and simplicity of protection schemes have been a subject of study in recent years. Therefore this document develops a differential protection method in transmission lines using voltage and current traveling waves signals, where the transmission lines are modeled through distributed parameters and expressed by telegraph's equations which is solved using Bergeron's equations, these equations depend on instantaneous signals and historical components. Using an error index that compares the voltage and current signals from the line ends, the fault is detected. Furthermore, signals with synchronized measurements with the same time stamp are considered. This method uses simple criteria and fast operation time, because it uses algebraic operations and a time window between 1 and 2 ms. A power system is modeled on ATPDraw and many faults cases are simulated; several conditions such as inception angle from voltage signal, fault resistance, fault distance and internal/external faults are considered. In the case of three-phase systems, the use of Clarke's modal decomposition is proposed. Good results in the operation are obtained and comparing with traditional algorithms this method presents low operating times.Fil: Quispe Huarcaya, Juan Carlos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Juan. Instituto de Energía Eléctrica. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ingeniería. Instituto de Energía Eléctrica; ArgentinaFil: Morales Garcia, John Armando. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Juan. Instituto de Energía Eléctrica. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ingeniería. Instituto de Energía Eléctrica; ArgentinaFil: Orduna, Eduardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Juan. Instituto de Energía Eléctrica. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ingeniería. Instituto de Energía Eléctrica; Argentin

Adaptation of the overload function in an electrical system due to entry generation, using of the overcurrent function and automatic generation disconnection: dynamic analysis of a particular case

In this work develops the thermal damage curve for 132 kV conductors in transient state with the aim to propose the overload settings implemented in the overcurrent function, because there is the possibility that in electrical system present old protection equipment that does not have an overload function. The study is based on the research for a real case of the Provincial Interconnected System (PIS) of San Juan, Argentina. The PIS has a particularly conflictive node where a large amount of conventional hydroelectric generation and PV plants with approximately 300 MW are concentrated. During the study, overloads were found in the lines that exceed the damage curves of the conductors, so due to this, adjustments of the overload setting in the overcurrent function are proposed to avoid irreparable damage. At the same time, the possible schemes automatic generation disconnection (DAG) are analyzed as alternatives to conductors overload scenarios, considering that the photovoltaic generator can be disconnected in case of fault conditions, and when it remains connected to the system, it will not inject reactive power, because currently there is not requirement on the part of the coordinating entity CAMMESA.Fil: Villarroel Gutiérrez, Héctor Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Juan. Instituto de Energía Eléctrica. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ingeniería. Instituto de Energía Eléctrica; ArgentinaFil: Quispe Huarcaya, Juan Carlos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Juan. Instituto de Energía Eléctrica. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ingeniería. Instituto de Energía Eléctrica; ArgentinaFil: Orduña, Eduardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Juan. Instituto de Energía Eléctrica. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ingeniería. Instituto de Energía Eléctrica; ArgentinaFil: Molina, Marcelo Gustavo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Juan. Instituto de Energía Eléctrica. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ingeniería. Instituto de Energía Eléctrica; Argentin