A literature review on radioactive interactions with real molecular gases in laminar and turbulent flow in circular pipes

A literature review is provided concerning the subject of radiative heat transfer interactions of real molecular gases with the additional modes of heat transfer, conduction and convection, in laminar and turbulent flow in circular pipes. The review is composed of four sections. Section 1 provides basic heat transfer theory for laminar and turbulent flow in circular pipes. The differential equations for conservation of mass, momentum, and energy are briefly developed. Heat transfer solutions and techniques are discussed for cases where radiative heat transfer is neglected. Section 2 provides basic transport theory for radiative heat transfer in participatory media. A macroscopic viewpoint is taken. Scattering is included for completeness, but scattering phenomena are not discussed in the succeeding sections. Section 3 discusses the microscopic approach to radiative interactions of real molecular gases. Basic quantum-mechanical concepts are given. A review is also provided of absorption-emission models and correlations. Section k reviews 16 works on the subject of radiative interactions with absorbing-emitting gases in laminar and turbulent flow in circular pipes. The first work reviewed is that of T. H. Einstein in 1963. The last reviewed is that of Nakra and Smith in 1977. A search through available literature did not reveal additional works on this subject through 1982

Financial Metrics In Wide-Moat Firms

According to Morningstar companies with certain structural characteristics enjoy economic moats. Compared to benchmark indices, Morningstar hypothesizes that over a ten-year time frame these firms will evidence superior price appreciation. Based on analysis of 1360 companies, this study supports the thesis of historical performance among wide-moat firms

Human epicardial adipose tissue expresses a pathogenic profile of adipocytokines in patients with cardiovascular disease

Introduction: Inflammation contributes to cardiovascular disease and is exacerbated with increased adiposity, particularly omental adiposity; however, the role of epicardial fat is poorly understood. Methods: For these studies the expression of inflammatory markers was assessed in epicardial fat biopsies from coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) patients using quantitative RT-PCR. Further, the effects of chronic medications, including statins, as well as peri-operative glucose, insulin and potassium infusion, on gene expression were also assessed. Circulating resistin, CRP, adiponectin and leptin levels were determined to assess inflammation. Results: The expression of adiponectin, resistin and other adipocytokine mRNAs were comparable to that in omental fat. Epicardial CD45 expression was significantly higher than control depots (p < 0.01) indicating significant infiltration of macrophages. Statin treated patients showed significantly lower epicardial expression of IL-6 mRNA, in comparison with the control abdominal depots (p < 0.001). The serum profile of CABG patients showed significantly higher levels of both CRP (control: 1.28 ± 1.57 μg/mL vs CABG: 9.11 ± 15.7 μg/mL; p < 0.001) and resistin (control: 10.53 ± 0.81 ng/mL vs CABG: 16.8 ± 1.69 ng/mL; p < 0.01) and significantly lower levels of adiponectin (control: 29.1 ± 14.8 μg/mL vs CABG: 11.9 ± 6.0 μg/mL; p < 0.05) when compared to BMI matched controls. Conclusion: Epicardial and omental fat exhibit a broadly comparable pathogenic mRNA profile, this may arise in part from macrophage infiltration into the epicardial fat. This study highlights that chronic inflammation occurs locally as well as systemically potentially contributing further to the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease

Evaluating weighted models of measuring job satisfaction: A cinderella story

Data obtained from a national probability sample of 1533 American workers were used to assess the validity of ten methods of weighting job satisfaction ratings by importance ratings. The methods varied systematically in terms of the input they employed, scale treatment, and the types of mathematical operations used for weighting. Each method was evaluated with data from two subsamples of workers who differed in terms of the magnitude of their intraindividual correlations between satisfaction and importance ratings. The four criterion variables used to evaluate the weighting methods were measures of overall job satisfaction, job-related tension, likelihood of leaving one's present job, and mental health. The data not only failed to support the hypothesis that the validity of job satisfaction ratings may be increased by weighting them by importance ratings but indicated, on the contrary, that importance-weighting actually reduced the validity of satisfaction ratings. This reduction was attributed to several statistical problems, principally the failure of satisfaction and importance ratings to meet the demanding scaling assumptions of weighting models. An inconsistency was pointed out between the research activities necessary for providing an ideal test of a weighting model and those necessary for developing a generally useful measure of job satisfaction based on the model.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/33833/1/0000090.pd

Study Protocol for a Stepped-Wedge Randomized Cookstove Intervention in Rural Honduras: Household Air Pollution and Cardiometabolic Health

Growing evidence links household air pollution exposure from biomass-burning cookstoves to cardiometabolic disease risk. Few randomized controlled interventions of cookstoves (biomass or otherwise) have quantitatively characterized changes in exposure and indicators of cardiometabolic health, a growing and understudied burden in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Ideally, the solution is to transition households to clean cooking, such as with electric or liquefied petroleum gas stoves; however, those unable to afford or to access these options will continue to burn biomass for the foreseeable future. Wood-burning cookstove designs such as the Justa (incorporating an engineered combustion zone and chimney) have the potential to substantially reduce air pollution exposures. Previous cookstove intervention studies have been limited by stove types that did not substantially reduce exposures and/or by low cookstove adoption and sustained use, and few studies have incorporated community-engaged approaches to enhance the intervention

Regional Structural Orientation of the Mount Sharp Group Revealed by In Situ Dip Measurements and Stratigraphic Correlations on the Vera Rubin Ridge

Ground‐based bedding orientation measurements are critical to determine the geologic history and processes of sedimentation in Gale crater, Mars. We constrain the dip of lacustrine strata of the Blunts Point, Pettegrove Point, and Jura members of the Murray formation using a combination of regional stratigraphic correlations and bed attitude measurements from stereo Mastcam images taken by the Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity rover. In situ bed attitude measurements using a principal component analysis‐based regression method reveal a wide range of dips and dip azimuths owing to a combination of high stereo errors, postdepositional deformation of strata (e.g., fracturing, rotation, and impact cratering), and different primary depositional dips. These constrain regional dips to be within several degrees of horizontal on average. Stratigraphic correlations between targets observed in the Glen Torridon trough and at the Pettegrove Point‐Jura member contact of Vera Rubin ridge (VRR) constrain dips to be between 3°SE and 2°NW, consistent with nearly flat strata deposited horizontally on an equipotential surface. The Jura member is determined to be stratigraphically equivalent to the northern portion of the Glen Torridon trough. Rover‐based dip magnitudes are generally significantly shallower than the orientation of VRR member contacts measured from High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment‐based traces, suggesting the sedimentary strata and VRR member contacts may be discordant

Theology, News and Notes - Vol. 40, No. 02

Theology News & Notes was a theological journal published by Fuller Theological Seminary from 1954 through 2014.https://digitalcommons.fuller.edu/tnn/1116/thumbnail.jp

Direct Imaging in Reflected Light: Characterization of Older, Temperate Exoplanets With 30-m Telescopes

Direct detection, also known as direct imaging, is a method for discovering and characterizing the atmospheres of planets at intermediate and wide separations. It is the only means of obtaining spectra of non-transiting exoplanets. Characterizing the atmospheres of planets in the <5 AU regime, where RV surveys have revealed an abundance of other worlds, requires a 30-m-class aperture in combination with an advanced adaptive optics system, coronagraph, and suite of spectrometers and imagers - this concept underlies planned instruments for both TMT (the Planetary Systems Imager, or PSI) and the GMT (GMagAO-X). These instruments could provide astrometry, photometry, and spectroscopy of an unprecedented sample of rocky planets, ice giants, and gas giants. For the first time habitable zone exoplanets will become accessible to direct imaging, and these instruments have the potential to detect and characterize the innermost regions of nearby M-dwarf planetary systems in reflected light. High-resolution spectroscopy will not only illuminate the physics and chemistry of exo-atmospheres, but may also probe rocky, temperate worlds for signs of life in the form of atmospheric biomarkers (combinations of water, oxygen and other molecular species). By completing the census of non-transiting worlds at a range of separations from their host stars, these instruments will provide the final pieces to the puzzle of planetary demographics. This whitepaper explores the science goals of direct imaging on 30-m telescopes and the technology development needed to achieve them.Comment: (March 2018) Submitted to the Exoplanet Science Strategy committee of the NA