Impact of spinal cord injury on the life roles of women.

This qualitative study was conducted to explore and describe the role experience of five women whose lives were disrupted by a traumatic spinal cord injury and who later returned to their communities after completing intensive rehabilitation programs. In-depth interviews and participant observations were used to examine the experiences of these women. The findings exemplify how the women\u27s use of adaptation and negotiation and the development of a new role as self-advocate facilitated the reestablishment of their life roles. As the women\u27s occupational roles were redefined, the processes of adaptation and negotiation were evident in three aspects of their lives: daily routines, relationships, and environment. Through their new role of self-advocate, architectural and attitudinal barriers were negotiated and adapted so that roles could be explored. These findings indicate that community reentry involves the ongoing process of negotiation and adaptation of life roles. The use of life histories during the rehabilitation phase is suggested as a way for therapists to develop meaningful treatment plans that stimulate patients\u27 adaptation process and ultimately enhance community reentry

Assessment of passenger safety in local service psv's: literature review.

Assessment of passenger safety in local service psv's: literature review

Motor vehicle and pedal cycle conspicuity: part 3 - retroreflective and fluorescent materials, validation report.

The aim of these validation trials were to establish whether red retro-reflective markings in the Draft Regulation XA format perform as well as the yellow markings in the same format and to determine if either the yellow or red Draft Regulation XA markings perform significantly better than what is currently on the road

Assessment of passenger safety in local service psv's: final report.

Assessment of passenger safety in local service psv's: final report

Automation for interactive proof: First prototype

AbstractInteractive theorem provers require too much effort from their users. We have been developing a system in which Isabelle users obtain automatic support from automatic theorem provers (ATPs) such as Vampire and SPASS. An ATP is invoked at suitable points in the interactive session, and any proof found is given to the user in a window displaying an Isar proof script. There are numerous differences between Isabelle (polymorphic higher-order logic with type classes, natural deduction rule format) and classical ATPs (first-order, untyped, and clause form). Many of these differences have been bridged, and a working prototype that uses background processes already provides much of the desired functionality

Association between breastfeeding duration and educational achievement in England: results from the Millennium Cohort Study

Objective: To evaluate the association between breastfeeding duration and educational outcomes at the end of secondary education among children from the Millennium Cohort Study. Design: Cohort study comparing school results at age 16 according to breastfeeding duration. Setting: England. Participants: Children born in 2000–2002 (nationally representative sample). Exposure: Self-reported breastfeeding duration (categorised). Main outcome measures: Standardised school assessments taken at the end of secondary education (General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSEs), marked 9–1) in English and Mathematics, categorised as: ‘fail, marks <4’, ‘low pass, marks 4–6’ and ‘high pass, marks ≥7 (equivalent to A–A*)’. Additionally, overall achievement was measured using the ‘attainment 8’ score (adding the marks of eight GCSEs, English and Mathematics double weighted; 0–90). Results: Approximately 5000 children were included. Longer breastfeeding was associated with better educational outcomes. For example, after full adjustment for socioeconomic markers and maternal cognitive ability, in comparison with children who were never breastfed, those who were breastfed for longer were more likely to have a high pass in their English and Mathematics GCSEs, and less likely to fail the English GCSE (but not the Mathematics GCSE). Additionally, compared with those never breastfed, those breastfed for at least 4 months had, on average, a 2–3 point higher attainment 8 score (coefficients: 2.10, 95% CI 0.06 to 4.14 at 4–6 months; 2.56, 95% CI 0.65 to 4.47 at 6–12 months and 3.09, 95% CI 0.84 to 5.35 at ≥12 months). Conclusions: A longer breastfeeding duration was associated with modest improvements in educational outcomes at age 16, after controlling for important confounders

Do various types of prelacteal feeding (PLF) have different associations with breastfeeding duration in Indonesia? A cross-sectional study using Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey datasets

Introduction: Prelacteal feeding (PLF) is anything other than breastmilk given to newborns in the first few days of birth and/or before breastfeeding is established. PLF comes in many forms and is known as a challenge to optimal breastfeeding. Interestingly, both breastfeeding and PLF are common in Indonesia. This study investigated the association between PLF (any PLF, formula, honey, water and other milk) and breastfeeding duration. Methods: This study used Indonesia Demographic and Health Surveys data from 2002, 2007 and 2017. Sample sizes were 5558 (2007), 6268 (2007) and 6227 (2017) mothers whose last child was aged 0–23 months. We used Cox regression survival analysis to assess the association between PLF and breastfeeding duration, estimating hazard ratios (HR) for stopping earlier. Results: Overall PLF was prevalent (59%, 67% and 45% in 2002, 2007 and 2017, respectively), with formula being the most common (38%, 50% and 25%). No association between any PLF and breastfeeding duration in 2002 (HR 0.90 (95% CI 0.70 to 1.16)), but in 2007 and 2017, mothers who gave any PLF were more likely to stop breastfeeding earlier than those who did not (HR 1.33 (95% CI 1.11 to 1.61) and 1.47 (95% CI 1.28 to 1.69), respectively), especially in the first 6 months (HR 2.13 (95% CI 1.55 to 2.92) and 2.07 (95% CI 1.74 to 2.47), respectively). This association was more consistent for milk-based PLF. For example, HR in 2017 was 2.13 (95% CI 1.78 to 2.53) for prelacteal formula and 1.73 (95% CI 1.39 to 2.15) for other milk. The associations were inconsistent for the other PLF types. Prelacteal water showed no association while prelacteal honey showed some association with a longer breastfeeding duration in 2002 and 2007. Conclusion: The impact of PLF on breastfeeding duration varied by type. While this study supports current recommendations to avoid PLF unless medically indicated, the potential consequences of different PLF types on breastfeeding outcomes should be clearly communicated to healthcare providers and mothers. Further research should explore the reasons for the high PLF prevalence in this setting

Motor vehicle and pedal cycle conspicuity: part 3 - vehicle mounted warning beacons. Summary report.

Accident studies suggest that the early detection and identification of other types of road users is likely to be a safety benefit to drivers, and one means for achieving this is through the use of vehicle-mounted warning beacons. A review of previous research, current technology, standards and regulations, and the views of relevant parties confirms the contribution of warning beacons in this respect. It also indicates that the warning beacons available in the market are largely governed by the restrictions imposed by the relevant regulations. However contact with various warning beacon user groups suggests that these designs are not as effective as they would wish and may in certain instances be giving rise to disbenefits to other road users. A rigorous scientific test programme identified those factors which make warning beacons more conspicuous and specific consideration was given to those vehicles, fitted with amber warning beacons, which work within environments of flashing amber road beacons. Disbenefits of warning beacon design, in terms of disability glare, discomfort glare, distraction and eleptogenesis, were also investigated. It is recommended that the users of warning beacons be prioritised with the highest priority group being allocated the top values of those features which make warning beacons conspicuous (subject to consideration of the disbenefits likely to be generated). Road trials should be undertaken to further refine the recommendations

Survey of dimensional features related to windscreen swept area. (Supplementary report to Quality and field of vision - a review of the needs of drivers and riders)

The project entitled ‘Quality and field of vision’ (PPAD 9/33/39) undertaken for DETR required that the effect of A-pillar thickness on driver vision be investigated. In order that a range of vehicles representing the different levels of A-pillar thickness could be used in the experimental work, a survey of vehicles was first undertaken. Whilst the focus of the survey was to measure A-pillar thickness and the driver’s seated position in order to calculate the visual angle obscured, a request was made by the client for further information to be collected at the same time. The additional information collected related to the area of the windscreen swept by the window wipers. This report details the information obtained from this aspect of the survey