WHAT CAN ADAPTIVE OPTICS DO FOR A SCANNING LASER OPHTHALMOSCOPE ? MOT-CLÉS

ABSTRACT By compensating for the aberrations in the eye that cause blur, the adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope (AOSLO) yields high-magnification, high-resolution, real-time images of the living human retina. Features as small as single cone photoreceptors can be resolved, single leukocytes are recorded in real time as they pass through the smallest retinal capillaries, and the optical sectioning capability can be used to visualize independent layers of the retinal tissue ranging from the nerve fiber layer, through the blood vessels to the photoreceptors. The use of AO technology not only enhances the breadth of applications of conventional SLOs, but it facilitates a host of new applications. Here we provide an overview of AOSLO performance and its applications, including two clinical examples. Finally, we preview two novel applications; one where the AOSLO is used to present AO-corrected stimuli directly onto the retina while simultaneously recording their exact retinal position, and a second application where AOSLO videos are used to provide very precise, high-frequency measures of eye movements. KEY WORDS Scanning laser ophthalmoscope, adaptive optics, blood flow, optical sectioning, ocular aberrations, eye movements RÉSUMÉ En compensant les aberrations de l'oeil causant un flou, l'ophthalmoscope laser à balayage à optique adaptative (OLBOA) permet d'obtenir un fort grossissement, une haute résolution, des images en temps réel de la rétine de l'humain vivant. Des éléments aussi petits que de simples photorécepteurs coniques peuvent être visibles, des leucocytes isolés sont enregistrés en temps réel quand ils passent à travers les plus petits capillaires rétiniens, et la capacité de sectionnement optique peut être utilisée pour visualiser des couches indépendantes du tissu rétinien allant de la couche de fibres nerveuses aux photorécepteurs en passant par les vaisseaux sanguins. L'utilisation de la technologie OA n'améliore pas seulement le champ d'application des OLB conventionnels, mais facilite également une multitude de nouvelles applications. Nous fournissons ici une vue d'ensemble de la performance de l'OLBOA et de ses applications, en incluant deux exemples cliniques. Enfin, nous annonçons deux nouvelles applications : une dans laquelle l'OLBOA est utilisé pour présenter des stimuli corrigés par OA directement sur la rétine tout en enregistrant simultanément leur position rétinienne exacte, et une deuxième application dans laquelle des vidéos d'OLBOA sont utilisées pour fournir des mesures à haute fréquence très précises des mouvements oculaires

8-aminoquinolines effective against Pneumocystis carinii in vitro and in vivo

The activities of 25 8-aminoquinolines were compared in tests assessing the ability of the compounds to inhibit the growth of Pneumocystis carinii in culture. Six compounds were effective at or below 0.03 microM: CDRI 80/53, NSC19894, NSC305805, NSC305812, WR182234, and primaquine. Four others were effective at between 0.2 and 0.03 microM: NSC305835, WR225448, WR238605, and WR242511. Fourteen drugs were also tested in a standard model of P. carinii pneumonia in rats at daily doses of 2 mg/kg of body weight in drinking water. CDRI 80/53, NSC305805, NSC305835, and WR225448 were extremely effective in the animal model. The effectiveness of WR238605, WR242511, and primaquine in the rat model has been reported elsewhere (M. S. Bartlett, S. F. Queener, R. R. Tidwell, W. K. Milhouse, J. D. Berman, W. Y. Ellis, and J. W. Smith, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 35:277-282, 1991). The length of the alkyl chain separating the nitrogens in the substituent at position 8 of the quinoline ring was a strong determinant of anti-P. carinii activity