RESPON IMUN SELULER DAN HUMORAL TERHADAP INFEKSI HIV

Pendahuluan. Sistem imun terbagi menjadi dua cabang, imunitas humoral, yang merupakan fungsi protektif ditemukan pada humor dan imunitas selular, yang fungsi protektifnya berkaitan dengan sel. Orang yang terinfeksi HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) membentuk respons humoral dan selular. Respons imun awal terhadap infeksi HIV mempunyai karakteristik ekspansi masif sel T sitotoksik CD8+ yang spesifik terhadap protein HIV menyebabkan terganggunya sistem alamiah dan didapat dimana yang menjadi target spesifik infeksi adalah limfosit CD4+, menyebabkan lisis sel T CD4+. Penyebab terpenting kurangnya sel T CD4+ pada orang terinfeksi HIV adalah efek sitopatik langsung. Respon imun selular dan humoral sama penting dalam pembentukan kekebalan terhadap infeksi virus, dimana tujuan utama respon imun terhadap infeksi virus HIV ialah eliminasi terhadap virus yang menginfeksi sel dan sel-sel yang mengandung virus atau tempat replikasi virus

Efek Durasi Penggunaan Masker Kain Terhadap End-tidal Karbon Dioksida Pada Mahasiswa Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Pattimura

Abstrak Masker kain berfungsi untuk melindungi pengguna dari partikel yang terbawa melalui droplet, atau airborne. Penggunaan masker kain dengan jangka waktu yang lebih lama dapat menimbulkan hiperkapnia dengan gejala berupa dyspnea, takikardia, pusing, dan nyeri kepala, yang ditandai dengan kadar CO2 >45. Metode penelitian ini yaitu metode eksperimental, dengan teknik pengambilan simple random sampling, dengan jumlah responden 36 yang dibagi dalam dua kelompok yaitu kontrol dan perlakuan. Data hasil pengamatan dianalisis menggunakan uji Independent Sample T-Test apabila data berdistribusi normal dan mann-whitney jika berdistribusi tidak normal. Hasil uji Mann-Whitney menunjukkan bahwa pada menit ke-0 nilai p = 0, 864, hasil uji Independent Sample T-Test pada menit ke-30 kelompok kontrol nilai p = 0, 850, kelompok perlakuan nilai p = 0, 851 menit ke-60 kelompok kontrol nilai p = 0,935, perlakuan nilai p = 0,935, menit ke-90 kelompok kontrol nilai p = 0,568, kelompok perlakuan nilai p = 0,569 menit ke-120 kelompok kontrol nilai p = 0,056, kelompok perlakuan nilai p = 0,056. Dari hasil kelima pengukuran tersebut rata-rata nilai p = >0,05 yang artinya tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa tidak ada efek dari durasi penggunaan masker kain terhadap end-tidal karbon dioksida dalam waktu 2 jam pada mahasiswa Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Pattimura,dan tidak menunjukan tanda dan gejala yang muncul sebagai efek durasi penggunaan masker kain dalam waktu 2 jam, dengan lima kali pengukuran, yaitu pada menit ke-0, 30, 60, 90 dan 120. Abstract Cloth masks serve to protect users from particles carried through droplets, or airborne. The use of cloth masks for a longer period of time can cause hypercapnia with symptoms such as dyspnea, tachycardia, dizziness, and headaches, which are characterized by CO2 levels >45. This research method is an experimental method, with a simple random sampling technique, with 36 respondents divided into two groups, namely control and treatment. Observational data were analyzed using the Independent Sample T-Test if the data was normally distributed and Mann-Whitney if the distribution was not normal. The results of the Mann-Whitney test showed that at minute 0 the p value = 0.864, the results of the Independent Sample T-Test test at minute 30 the control group p value = 0.850, the treatment group p value = 0.851 minutes to -60 control group p value = 0,935, treatment p value = 0,935, 90th minute control group p value = 0,568, treatment group p value = 0,569 minute 120 control group p value = 0,056, treatment group p value = 0,056. From the results of the five measurements, the average p value = > 0.05, which means there is no significant difference. The test results mean that there is no effect between the duration of using a cloth mask on the end-tidal carbon dioxide

GANGGUAN TIDUR DAN TENSION TYPE HEADACHE DI POLIKLINIK SARAF RSUD DR. M. HAULUSSY AMBON

Tension type headache (TTH) merupakan salah satu jenis nyeri kepala primer yang sering dialami masyarakat dewasa ini yang terjadi akibat dari ketegangan otot di area kepala dan leher. TTH terjadi akibat beberapa faktor pencetus salah satunya yaitu gangguan tidur. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui korelasi gangguan tidur dengan TTH pada pasien di Poliklinik Saraf RSUD dr. M. Haulussy, Ambon. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian analitik korelatif dengan pendekatan cross sectional melalui pengambilan data primer. Subyek dalam penelitian ini adalah 69 orang pasien nyeri kepala primer yang rawat jalan di Poliklinik Saraf RSUD dr. M. Haulussy menggunakan teknik consecutive sampling. Pasien TTH diperoleh dari diagnosis dokter spesialis saraf dan data gangguan tidur diperoleh dari kuesioner. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya korelasi yang bermakna (p<0.001) antara gangguan tidur dan TTH di Poliklinik Saraf RSUD Dr. M. Haulussy Ambon dengan kekuatan korelasi sedang (r=0.418)

Prevalensi Dan Karakteristik Penderita Hipertensi Pada Penduduk Desa Banda Baru Kabupaten Maluku Tengah Tahun 2020

Pendahuluan. Hipertensi mencapai sekitar 1,13 miliar kasus di dunia. Karena jarang menimbulkan gejala, kondisi hipertensi umumnya sering tidak disadari, sehingga morbiditas lain yang dapat ditimbulkan adalah gagal jantung kongesti, hipertrofi ventrikel kiri, stroke, gagal ginjal stadium akhir, atau bahkan kematian. Tujuan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui prevalensi hipertensi di Desa Banda Baru, Kabupaten Maluku Tengah pada tahun 2020. Metode. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian deskriptif dengan pendekatan cross sectional yang dilakukan dengan wawancara, kuesioner dan pengukuran variabel penelitian. Hasil. Dari 168 responden, jumlah kasus hipertensi sebanyak 52 responden (30,9%) dan sebanyak 116 responden (69,1%) tidak mengalami hipertensi. Kelompok usia 36-45 yang terbanyak mengalami hipertensi sejumlah 17 kasus (38,6%), tetapi kasus hipertensi terbesar berdasarkan persentase, yaitu pada kelompok usia 56-65 sebesar 63,2%. Responden dengan hipertensi paling banyak diderita oleh perempuan sejumlah 36 kasus (36,4%). Prevalensi hipertensi berdasarkan riwayat keluarga sejumlah 28 kasus (37,8%). Prevalensi hipertensi berdasarkan perilaku konsumsi alkohol sejumlah 4 kasus (12,5%). Prevalensi hipertensi berdasarkan perilaku merokok sejumlah 14 kasus (24,1%). Prevalensi hipertensi berdasarkan status gizi dengan IMT ≥25 sejumlah 29 kasus (53,7%). Kesimpulan. Kasus hipertensi banyak ditemukan pada usia lanjut, perempuan, responden dengan riwayat hipertensi dalam keluarga, dan obesitas

ANTENATAL CARE ATTENDANCE AND PARENTAL EDUCATION ARE ASSOCIATED WITH UTILIZATION OF NON-TRAINED DELIVERY ATTENDANTS IN NEGERI LIMA HEALTH CENTER CATCHMENT AREAS, MALUKU PROVINCE

Introduction Maluku Province was one of the provinces in Indonesia with a high utilization of non-trained delivery attendants during childbirth.  The study aims to examine factors associated with utilization of non-trained delivery attendants in the catchment area of Negeri Lima Puskesmas of Leihitu Peninsula in Maluku Province. Methods Data were derived from a household survey conducted in November 2018, in five villages as the catchment areas of Negeri Lima Health Center. Information was collected form 99 mothers who recently delivered in the last six months. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were employed to analyze factors associated with use of non-trained delivery attendants. Results More than 45% of mothers who delivered in the last six months used non-trained delivery attendants at childbirth. A significantly lower odds for using non-trained attendants was found in mothers who graduated from senior high school (aOR=0.23, 95% CI: 0.06-0.83) or academy/university (aOR=0.06, 95% CI: 0.01-0.34) than those graduated from primary school or lower. A similar pattern was found with father’s education. Additionally, the odds of using non-trained attendants reduced significantly amongst mothers attending four or more antenatal care services (aOR=0.34, 95% CI: 0.12-0.96). Conclusions Interventions to promote optimum use of antenatal care and improve community awareness and knowledge about mother and child health care are still essential. Involvement of different types of community members in health promotion activities, in addition to efforts to assign new roles to traditional birth attendants will help to increase the uptake of trained delivery attendants at childbirth amongst mothers in this area.  Keywords: education, antenatal care,  delivery attendants, Negeri Lima Health Center, Maluku Province   &nbsp

Assessment of factors related to individuals who were never treated during mass drug administration for lymphatic filariasis in Ambon City, Indonesia.

BackgroundOne challenge to achieving Lymphatic filariasis (LF) elimination is the persistent coverage-compliance gap during annual mass drug administration (MDA) and the risk of ongoing transmission among never treated individuals. Our analysis examined factors associated with individuals who were never treated during MDA.MethodsData were derived from two cross-sectional surveys conducted in Waihaong and Air Salobar Health Center in 2018 and 2019. We analyzed information from 1915 respondents aged 18 years or above. The study outcome was individuals who self-reported never treatment during any round of MDA. All potential predictors were grouped into socio-demographic, health system, therapy and individual factors. Logistic regression analyses were used to examine factors associated with never treatment in any year of MDA.ResultsNearly half (42%) of respondents self-reported they were never treated during any round of MDA. Factors associated with increased odds of never treatment were respondents working in formal sectors (aOR = 1.75, p = 0.040), living in the catchment area of Waihaong Health Center (aOR = 2.33, p = 0.029), and those perceiving the possibility of adverse events after swallowing LF drugs (aOR = 2.86, pConclusionsEfforts to reassure community members about adverse events, specific instructions on how to take LF drugs, and improving awareness that MDA participation is part of one's contribution to promoting community health are essential drivers for uptake with LF drugs during MDA

Understanding COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance among Healthcare Workers in Indonesia: Lessons from Multi-Site Survey

The COVID-19 pandemic presented an unprecedented challenge to public health as well as an extraordinary burden on health systems worldwide. COVID-19 vaccines were attributed as a key tool to control the pandemic, with healthcare workers (HCWs) as a priority group to receive the vaccine. Healthcare workers are considered one of the most trusted sources of information on vaccines and vaccination. This study was conducted to evaluate the acceptability of the COVID-19 vaccine among HCWs in four different provinces of Indonesia. An anonymous cross-sectional study was conducted online among HCWs between December 2020 and February 2021. Out of 2732 participants, 80.39% stated that they would accept the COVID-19 vaccine, while 19.61% were hesitant to receive the vaccine. Concerns about the safety profile of COVID-19 vaccines and potential side-effects after vaccination were the main reasons among the participants to refuse the vaccine. Male gender, single status, higher education level, and higher risk perception increased the acceptability of the COVID-19 vaccine. Other motivators of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance include a high level of trust in the government and increased confidence in vaccine safety and efficacy studies. Dissemination of information in a timely manner as well as training programs for HCWs are crucial to increasing confidence in the COVID-19 vaccination program

Suboptimal child healthcare practices and the development of multiple infectious diseases in children aged 24–59 months

BackgroundInfections continue to be a major cause of death among children under the age of five worldwide. This study aimed to identify the factors associated with the development of multiple infectious diseases in children aged 24–59 months in Indonesia.MethodsData from the 2018 Basic Health Research conducted by the Ministry of Health, Republic of Indonesia, were used. Information from 39,948 children aged 24–59 months was analyzed. The outcome variable was the development of multiple infectious diseases, that is, acute respiratory infections, pneumonia, pulmonary tuberculosis, diarrhea, and hepatitis, in the month before the survey. Factors significantly associated with multiple types of infectious diseases were examined using logistic regression.ResultsThe study found that 76.6% of children aged 24 to 59 months in Indonesia had at least one type of infectious disease. The likelihood of developing multiple types of infectious diseases increased in children whose parents did not practice appropriate handwashing with soap and running water [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.16, p < 0.001], those who received supplemental food (aOR = 1.38, p < 0.001), those with poor nutritional status (aOR = 1.12, p < 0.001), and those living in urban areas (aOR = 1.07, p = 0.045).ConclusionImproving caregivers’ awareness of adequate child healthcare practices, in addition to nutrition-sensitive and specific interventions to improve children’s nutritional status, is required to prevent children from contracting multiple types of infectious diseases