Self-organized Voids Revisited: Experimental Verification of the Formation Mechanism*

In this paper, several experiments were conducted to further clarify the formation mechanism of self organized void array induced by a single laser beam, including energy-related experiments, refractive-index-contrast-related experiments, depth-related experiments and effective-numerical-aperture experiment. These experiments indicate that the interface spherical aberration is indeed responsible for the formation of void arrays

Suggestions on the development strategy of shale gas in China

AbstractFrom the aspects of shale gas resource condition, main exploration and development progress, important breakthrough in key technologies and equipment, this paper systematically summarized and analyzed current situation of shale gas development in China and pointed out five big challenges such as misunderstandings, lower implementation degree and higher economic uncertainty of shale gas resource, and still no breakthrough in exploration and development core technologies and equipment for shale gas buried depth more than 3500 m, higher cost and other non-technical factors that restrict the development pace. Aiming at the above challenges, we put forward five suggestions to promote the shale gas development in China: (1) Make strategies and set goals according to our national conditions and exploration and development stages. That is, make sure to realize shale gas annual production of 20 × 109 m3, and strives to reach 30 × 109 m3. (2) Attach importance to the research of accumulation and enrichment geological theory and exploration & development key engineering technologies for lower production and lower pressure marine shale gas reservoir, and at the same time orderly promote the construction of non-marine shale gas exploration & development demonstration areas. (3) The government should introduce further policies and set special innovation funds to support the companies to carry out research and development of related technologies and equipment, especially to strengthen the research and development of technology, equipment and process for shale gas bellow 3500 m in order to achieve breakthrough in deep shale gas. (4) Continue to promote the geological theory, innovation in technology and management, and strengthen cost control on drilling, fracturing and the whole process in order to realize efficient, economic and scale development of China's shale gas. (5) Reform the mining rights management system, establish information platform of shale gas exploration and development data, and correctly guide the non-oil and gas companies to participate in shale gas exploration and development

Natural Coevolution of Tumor and Immunoenvironment in Glioblastoma.

Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) wild-type glioblastoma (GBM) has a dismal prognosis. A better understanding of tumor evolution holds the key to developing more effective treatment. Here we study GBM\u27s natural evolutionary trajectory by using rare multifocal samples. We sequenced 61,062 single cells from eight multifocal IDH wild-type primary GBMs and defined a natural evolution signature (NES) of the tumor. We show that the NES significantly associates with the activation of transcription factors that regulate brain development, including MYBL2 and FOSL2. Hypoxia is involved in inducing NES transition potentially via activation of the HIF1A-FOSL2 axis. High-NES tumor cells could recruit and polarize bone marrow-derived macrophages through activation of the FOSL2-ANXA1-FPR1/3 axis. These polarized macrophages can efficiently suppress T-cell activity and accelerate NES transition in tumor cells. Moreover, the polarized macrophages could upregulate CCL2 to induce tumor cell migration. SIGNIFICANCE: GBM progression could be induced by hypoxia via the HIF1A-FOSL2 axis. Tumor-derived ANXA1 is associated with recruitment and polarization of bone marrow-derived macrophages to suppress the immunoenvironment. The polarized macrophages promote tumor cell NES transition and migration. This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 2711

Indexing and path query processing for XML data

XML has emerged as a new standard for information representation and exchange on the Internet. To efficiently process XML data, we propose the extended preorder numbering scheme, which determines the ancestor-descendant relationship between nodes in the hierarchy of XML data in constant time, and adapts to the dynamics of XML data by allocating extra space. Based on this numbering scheme, we propose sort-merge based algorithms, εA-Join and εε-Join, to process ancestor-descendant path expressions. The experimental results showed an order of magnitude performance improvement over conventional methods. We further propose the partition-based algorithms, which can be chosen by a query optimizer according to the characteristics of the input data. For complex path expressions with branches, we propose the Containment B⁺-tree (CB-tree) index and the IndexTwig algorithm. The CB-tree, which is an extension of the B⁺-tree, supports both the containment query and the reverse containment query. It is an effective indexing scheme for XML documents with or without a small number of recursions. The proposed IndexTwig algorithm works with any index supporting containment and reverse containment queries, such as the CB-tree. We also introduce a simplified output model, which outputs only the necessary result of a path expression. The output model enables the Fast Existence Test (FET) optimization to skip unnecessary data and avoid generating unwanted results. Also in this dissertation, we introduce techniques to process the predicates in XML path expressions using the EVR-tree. The EVR-tree combines the advantages of indexing on values or elements individually using B+-trees. It utilizes the high value selectivity and/or high structural selectivity, and provides ordered element access by using a priority queue. At the end of the dissertation, we introduce the XISS/R system, which is an implementation of the XML Indexing and Storage System (XISS) on top of a relational database. The XISS/R includes a web-based user interface and a XPath query engine to translate XPath queries into efficient SQL statements

Partition Based Path Join Algorithms for XML Data

Path expression is an important component in querying XML data

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