Relationship between wood density and distance from pith and wood density and time in <i>Avicennia marina</i>.

<p>Relationship between A) wood density and distance from pith, slopes between stems were significantly different (<i>p<0.0001</i>), the regression equations were: Wood density (<i>stem 1</i>)  = −4.3×10⁻² distance from pith +1.01, <i>r²</i> = 0.78, <i>n</i> = 57; wood density (<i>stem 2</i>)  = −4.8×10⁻² distance from pith +0.95, <i>r²</i> = 0.83, <i>n</i> = 47; wood density (<i>stem 3</i>)  = −5.5×10⁻² distance from pith +0.86, <i>r²</i> = 0.78, <i>n</i> = 41; wood density (<i>stem 4</i>)  = −5.7×10⁻² distance from pith +0.95, <i>r²</i> = 0.94, <i>n</i> = 51; <i>p</i><0.0001 for all stems (<i>stem 1</i> – <i>stem 4</i>), vertical lines  = 1<b>σ</b>. Relationship between B) wood density and time, slopes between stems were significantly different (<i>p<0.0001</i>), the regression equations were: Wood density (<i>stem 1</i>)  = −5.07×10⁻² time +10.9, <i>r²</i> = 0.78, <i>n</i> = 48; wood density (<i>stem 2</i>)  = −3.1×10⁻² time +7.04, <i>r²</i> = 0.81, <i>n</i> = 72; wood density (<i>stem 3</i>)  = −2.5×10⁻³ time +5.75, <i>r²</i> = 0.76, <i>n</i> = 89; wood density (<i>stem 4</i>)  = −4.7×10⁻³ time +9.93, <i>r²</i> = 0.94, <i>n</i> = 63; <i>p</i><0.0001 for all stems (<i>stem 1</i> – <i>stem 4</i>), vertical lines  = 1<b>σ</b>. C) Detrended wood density and distance from pith, vertical lines  = 1<b>σ</b> and D) Detrended wood density and time, vertical lines  = 1<b>σ</b>.</p

Relationship between growth rate and wood density of <i>Avicennia marina</i> collected in Giralia Bay, Western Australia.

<p>A) Relationship between growth rate (dashed grey line) and wood density (solid black line) from four stems (<i>stem 1</i> – <i>stem 4</i>) collected in Giralia Bay, Western Australia, points are at dates established using bomb-pulse dating, values are means ±1<b>σ</b>. B) The line represents the linear regression where: Growth rate  = 11.0 Wood density - 4.32, <i>r²</i> = 0.24, <i>p</i> = 0.006, <i>n</i> = 30. Points are means ±1<b>σ</b> at dates established using bomb-pulse dating.</p

Radiocarbon results, estimated tree ages and growth rates of <i>Avicennia marina</i>.

<p>Values of ¹⁴C are shown in percent modern carbon (pMC). ^(a) Modelled calendar age in year AD at 68.2% confidence level. ^(b) Uncertainty associated with mean growth rate represents the maximum difference between growth rate estimates from the spline curve using upper and lower limits of the calibrated ¹⁴C age range compared with the mean ¹⁴C age <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0080116#pone.0080116-Clarke1" target="_blank">[41]</a>^(c) Outermost samples were collected in 2008 and were not used for ¹⁴C analysis.</p

Growth rates of <i>Avicennia marina</i> mangroves from the Exmouth Gulf, Western Australia.

<p>Values are means ±1<b>σ</b>.</p

Relationship between annual rainfall and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation Index.

<p>Relationship between A) annual rainfall (dashed line) and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation Index (PDO, solid line) in the Exmouth Gulf, Western Australia between 1966 and 2008. B) The line represents the linear regression where Rainfall  = −63.2 PDO +255, <i>r²</i> = 0.16, <i>p</i> = 0.006, <i>n</i> = 44.</p

Relationship between growth rate and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation Index and growth rate and rainfall.

<p>Relationships between A) growth rate and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation Index (PDO) between 1952 and 2008 and B) growth rate and rainfall between 1961 – 2008. Points are means ±1<b>σ</b>.</p

Chemical Weathering and Organic Carbon Turnover in Soil

No description supplie

Hydroclimate proxies for eastern Australia using stable isotopes in grey mangroves (Avicennia marina)

The development of high-resolution terrestrial palaeoclimate records in Australia is hindered by the scarcity of tree species suitable for conventional dendrochronology. However, novel analytical techniques have made it possible to obtain climate information from tree species that do not reliably form annual growth rings. In this paper we assess the potential of stable carbon and oxygen isotopes in the xylem wood of grey mangroves (Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh.) as hydroclimate proxies for eastern Australia. Bomb-pulse radiocarbon dating and simple age models were used to estimate the age of the growth layers in radial sequence in stems from four grey mangrove trees in two adjacent estuaries in New South Wales, Australia. Stable isotope data measured from the xylem wood of the four stems were composited to yield mean δ18O and δ13C series for the 1962–2016 period. Significant negative Spearman correlations were found between δ18O and rainfall, sea level, instrumental Palmer Drought Severity Index (scPDSI) and the El Nin ̃o Southern Oscillation (ENSO), while δ13C was positively correlated with temperature, vapour pressure and evapotranspiration. The results demonstrate that stable oxy- gen isotopes in grey mangroves have the potential to yield valuable information about pre-instrumental hydroclimate. Grey mangroves can survive with intact centres for an estimate of >250 years based on observed growth rates, are widespread along northern Australian and tropical coastlines and could provide important information regarding pre-instrumental climate in regions currently lacking high-resolution (i.e., near annual) centennial scale climate proxy records

Volume rendering of the canine crown showing the fractures through the dental tissues in transparency.

<p>The main vertical fracture (in blue) and the sub-horizontal ones (in red) are shown in lingual (A), distal (B) and occlusal view (C). Scale bar, 1 mm.</p

SEM images of the occlusal surface of the Lonche canine after the beeswax was removed.

<p>The Figures A and B, respectively taken before and after cleaning the occlusal surfaces from beeswax superficial residues, show the exposed area of dentine resulting from occlusal wear and the vertical crack still filled with beeswax. Some chippings with round and smooth edges, indicated by the white arrows in Figure A, are present on the occlusal buccal margin of tooth. In Figure A1 residues of beeswax cover the edges of the vertical crack, while Figure B2 shows that some enamel fragments are lost in the same area, indicated by yellow arrows. Scale bars, 200 µm.</p