Temperature Field of Tool Engaged Cutting Zone for Milling of Titanium Alloy with Ball-End Milling

When milling titanium alloy, the cutting temperature has a strong impact on the degree of tool wear and, in turn, tool life and the surface quality of the workpiece. The distribution of the temperature field on a tool’s rake face can be improved through the use of micro-textures, which help to reduce friction and, ultimately, wear on the tool. In this paper we present a new way to measure cutting temperature and examine heat distribution when milling titanium alloy with micro-textured ball-end milling tools. We first establish the heat flux density function for the contact area between the workpiece and the tool and then for the rest of the tool. Thermal stress simulation shows that adhesive wear tends to happen in the contact area and on the flank face, rather than at the tip of the tool, with the temperature distribution gradient for the rest of the tool being more uniform. The maximum value for thermal stress on the cutting edge was 2.0782 × 106 Pa. This decrease as you move away from the cutting edge along the contact area between the tool and the workpiece. Maximum deformation of the tool is also mainly concentrated at the principal contact point, with a value of 1.9445 × 10−9 m. This, too, decreases as you move away from the cutting edge and into the rest of the contact area. This research provides the basis for the optimization of tool structure and further investigation of the thermo-mechanical coupling behavior of micro-textured ball-end milling cutters when milling titanium alloy

Two Novel 30K Proteins Overexpressed in Baculovirus System and Their Antiapoptotic Effect in Insect and Mammalian Cells

The 30K family of proteins is important in energy metabolism and may play a role in inhibiting cellular apoptosis in silkworms (Bombyx mori). Several 30K-family proteins have been identified. In this study, two new silkworm genes, referred to as Slp (NM 001126256) and Lsp-t (NM 001043443), were analyzed by a bioinformatics approach according to the sequences of 30K proteins previously reported in the silkworm. Both Slp and Lsp-t shared more than 41% amino acid sequence homology with the reported 30K proteins and displayed a conserved domain consistent with that of lipoprotein-11. Additionally, the cDNA sequences of both Slp and Lsp-t were obtained from the fat bodies of silkworm larvae by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Both genes were expressed in BmN cells using the Bac-to-Bac system. Purified Slp and Lsp-t were added to cultured BmN and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) that were treated with H2O2. Both Slp and Lsp-t significantly enhanced the viability and suppressed DNA fragmentation in H2O2 treated BmN and HUVEC cells. This study suggested that Slp and Lsp-t exhibit similar biological activities as their known 30K-protein counterparts and mediate an inhibitory effect against H2O2-induced apoptosis

Clinical Effects for Patients with Recurrent Advanced Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Treated with Icotinib Hydrochloride

Background and objective Icotinib hydrochloride is the third single target EGFR-TKI used in clinical treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Clinical research reports on its efficacy and survival in patients with Recurrent Advanced NSCLC are still little.The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and survival of Icotinib hydrochloride for patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer who failed to previous chemotherapy and explore the association of clinical features with the efficacy and survival. Methods The clinical data of 60 NSCLC patients referred to the Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University from March 2009 to July 2012 were retrospectively analyzed. Results The overall response rate (ORR) was 45.0% and the disease control rate (DCR) was 80.0%. The median progression-free survival (PFS) time was 6.7 months. RR and PFS in female were superior to male (P=0.014, 0.013, respectively). RR, DCR in 2nd-line subgroup were superior to ≥3rd-line subgroup (P=0.020, 0.024, respectively). RR, DCR and PFS in EGFR mutation carriers were significantly superior to wild-type patients (P=0.006, <0.001, 0.002, respectively) . There was no statistical difference in RR and PFS between those age <65 and ≥65 or PS<2 and PS≥2. There was no statistical difference in RR and DCR between exon 19 deletion and exon 21 mutations, while the former had much longer PFS (P=0.020). EGFR mutation and exon 19 deletion are the independent prognostic factors to significantly improve the PFS (P=0.009, 0.012, respectively). The side effects were generally mild and consisted of rash and diarrhea. Conclusion Icotinib hydrochloride is effective especially in EGFR mutation carriers and well tolerated in patients with recurrent advanced non-small-cell lung cancer

Clinical Observation of Icotinib Hydrochloride in First-line Therapy for Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma

Background and objective It has been proven that icotinib hydrochloride, as a molecule targeted drug, can be safely and efficiently used to treat advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) for second-line or third-line. This research was aimed to investigate the efficacy and toxicity of icotinib hydrochloride as the first-line therapy for pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Results Among the 56 patients, the tumor objective response rate (ORR) and disease control rate (DCR) was 46.4% (26/56) and 78.6% (46/56), respectively. Among the 20 patients with EGFR analyses, 18 patients were positive for a mutation, ORR was 66.7% (12/18), DCR was 94.4% (17/18) respectively. The ORR with no history of smoke. EGFR positive mutation and appearance of rash were significantly higher than those with smoker, wild type EGFR, no information about EGFR and no appearance of rash (P<0.05). The most common drug-related adverse events were mild skin rash (28.5%) and diarrhea (12%). Conclusion Single agent treatment with icotinib hydrochloride is effective and tolerable in first-line therapy for pulmonary adenocarcinoma, especially with EGFR mutation

Treatment of Patients with ALK-positive Non-small Cell Lung Cancer and Brain Metastases

Background and objective Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is an important subtype of lung cancer. The standard modality of ALK-positive NSCLC with brain metastases remains uncertain. Methods We collected data on clinical characteristics and treatment of patients with ALK-positive NSCLC and brain metastases between March 2013 and March 2016 and retrospectively analyzed patient outcomes. Results In 84 ALK-positive patients with advanced NSCLC, 22 (26.2%) had brain metastases during the initial diagnosis of lung cancer, among which 3 patients with EGFR mutation were excluded, and 19 patients were analyzed. Median intracranial progression-free survival (PFS) was 12.0 months. PFS for patients who received first-line local brain therapy (P=0.021) and crizotinib therapy (P=0.030) was superior to PFS for patients without such therapies. PFS for patients who received first-line crizotinib combined with local brain therapy was 27.0 months and only 4.2 months for those who received crizotinib alone. Conclusion First-line crizotinib therapy combined with local brain treatment can improve intracranial PFS for ALK-positive NSCLC with brain metastases. This finding should be confirmed further through multicenter, prospective clinical trials with large sample size

Screening of Ginkgo Individuals with Superior Growth Structural Characteristics in Different Genetic Groups Using Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) Data

With the concept of sustainable management of plantations, individual trees with excellent characteristics in plantations have received attention from breeders. To improve and maintain long-term productivity, accurate and high-throughput access to phenotypic characteristics is essential when establishing breeding strategies. Meanwhile, genetic diversity is also an important issue that must be considered, especially for plantations without seed source information. This study was carried out in a ginkgo timber plantation. We used simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers for genetic background analysis and high-density terrestrial laser scanning for growth structural characteristic extraction, aiming to provide a possibility of applying remote sensing approaches for forest breeding. First, we analyzed the genetic diversity and population structure, and grouped individual trees according to the genetic distance. Then, the growth structural characteristics (height, diameter at breast height, crown width, crown area, crown volume, height to living crown, trunk volume, biomass of all components) were extracted. Finally, individual trees in each group were comprehensively evaluated and the best-performing ones were selected. Results illustrate that terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) point cloud data can provide nondestructive estimates of the growth structural characteristics at fine scale. From the ginkgo plantation containing high genetic diversity (average polymorphism information content index was 0.719) and high variation in growth structural characteristics (coefficient of variation ranged from 21.822% to 85.477%), 11 excellent individual trees with superior growth were determined. Our study guides the scientific management of plantations and also provides a potential for applying remote sensing technologies to accelerate forest breeding

Clinical Analysis of 107 NSCLC Patients Harboring KRAS Mutation

Background and objective Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene (KRAS) mutation is one of the major driver genes of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). KRAS is a resistant predictor of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs), which raises controversy because of its role in chemotherapy sensitivity and prognosis. The aim of this study is to accumulate clinical experience in treating NSCLC patients harboring KRAS mutation. Methods A total of 107 NSCLC patients harboring KRAS mutation were analyzed retrospectively. The efficacy was analyzed in terms of first-line chemotherapy or EGFR-TKIs therapy. Results The objective response rate (ORR) to first-line chemotherapy of 52 patients with advanced disease harboring KRAS mutation was 9.6%. The disease control rate (DCR) was 53.8%, and the median progression-free survival (PFS) was 3 months. The ORR to EGFR-TKIs therapy in 21 patients harboring KRAS mutation and EGFR/KRAS co-mutation was 9.5%; the DCR was 23.8%, and the median PFS was 1 month. The ORR and DCR to EGFR-TKIs therapy of patients with EGFR/KRAS co-mutation were significantly higher than those of patients with KRAS mutation (50% vs 0, P=0.029; 75% vs 11.8%, P=0.043); the median PFS was also significantly longer (3 months vs 1 month, P=0.004). Conclusion The efficacy to first-line chemotherapy and EGFR-TKIs therapy in NSCLC patients harboring KRAS mutation was poor; thus, new drugs should be developed. Furthermore, the existence of EGFR/KRAS co-mutation was confirmed. Hence, EGFR-TKIs therapy should be administered to patients with EGFR/KRAS co-mutation

Clinical Observation of Icotinib Hydrochloride for Advanced Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Patients with EGFR Status Identified

Background and objective Icotinib is the first self-developed small molecular drug in China for targeted therapy of lung cancer. Compared to the other two commercially available epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors, gefitinib and erlotinib, icotinib is similar to them in chemical structure, mechanism of activity and therapeutic effects. To explore the efficacy and side effects of icotinib hydrochloride in the treatment of the advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with EGFR mutation and wild-type. Methods Patients with advanced NSCLC who were treated with icotinib hydrochloride in Beijing Chest Hospital were retrospective analyzed from March 2009 to December 2014. Results The clinical data of 124 patients (99 with EGFR mutation and 25 with wild type) with advanced NSCLC were enrolled in this study. The patients’ overall objective response rate (ORR) was 51.6 % and the disease control rate (DCR) was 79.8%; The patients with EGFR mutation, ORR was 63.6%, DCR was 93.9%. The ORR was 4.0% and the DCR was 24.0% in the wild-type patients. Median progression-free survival (PFS) with icotinib treatment in EGFR mutation patients was 10.5 months and 1.0 month in wild-type patients. The major adverse events were mild skin rash (30.6%) and diarrhea (16.1%). Conclusion Monotherapy with icotinib hydrochloride is effective and tolerable for the advanced NSCLC EGFR mutation patients