Homecare Worker Organizing in California: An Analysis of a Successful Strategy

This paper examines the challenges facing California homecare workers in their historic struggle to unionize from the 1980s through the 90s. Three inter-related components were critical to their ultimate success: 1) grassroots organizing, 2) changing policy at the state and county level and 3) working in coalition with groups of senior and disabled care recipients. Now that the union repre-sents more than 100,000 workers, consolidation of those victories involves challenges such as developing leadership among the new membership and strengthening the labor-consumer coalition that will be critical to further improvements in homecare services and working conditions. This campaign has already had significant impact on the structure of this emerging workforce, and will have long-term effects on social policy for care of the elderly and dis-abled. The economic and political influence of American labor unions hassuffered greatly over the past several decades, and one reason for this has been a steadily declining rate of union membership. Union members currently make up 13.5 % of the workforce, which compares to a high of 35 % in 1954. In 1995, the AFL-CIO launched a program to reverse this trend by prioritizing organizing of the unorganized, and encouraging af-filiated unions to spend at least 30 % of their budget on organizing. How-ever, in spite of significant efforts by some unions to recruit new mem-bers, union density has continued to decline (Bureau of Labor Statistics

Hypoxia-Induced Loss of Consciousness in Multiple Synchronized Swimmers During a Workout

Hyperventilation by swimmers can lead to hypoxia and loss of consciousness. In this retrospective case series we describe the simultaneous onset of hypoxia in multiple 13-15-year-old female synchronized swimmers of an elite synchronized swim team based on review of Health Department and emergency medical service reports. All six swimmers performing hypoxic drills developed hypoxic symptoms (fatigue, inability to move legs, disorientation, tunnel vision, and/or loss of consciousness) and four required rescue. All swimmers regained consciousness at the scene and recovered. Two swimmers not performing hypoxic drills were unaffected. Of the environmental evaluations, only pool water temperature was higher than the recommended levels. Hyperventilation with hypoxic training can be life-threatening and should be prohibited. Duration of hypoxic drills should be limited. Emergency response plans should be practiced

From Swimming Skill to Water Competence: Towards a More Inclusive Drowning Prevention Future

Brenner, Moran, Stallman, Gilchrist and McVan, (2006) recommended that “swimming ability be promoted as a necessary component of water competence, but with the understanding that swimming ability alone is [often] not sufficient to prevent drowning” (p. 116). Tradition and expert opinion are no longer enough. Science can now help us select essential competencies. What does research evidence show us about the protective value of specific individual personal competencies? Since the term “water competence’’ was coined by Langendorfer and Bruya (1995) and adapted for drowning prevention by Moran (2013), it has gained in use and acceptance. As a construct, it is indeed more inclusive than “swimming skill’’ alone for addressing drowning prevention. Our proposed taxonomy of water competencies re-emphasizes the need for a broad spectrum of physical aquatic competencies as well as the integration of cognitive and affective competencies. The purpose of this review article is to a) identify all the key elements of water competence, b) support each recommended type of water competence with examples of research evidence, and c) suggest areas requiring further research

Evaluation of a Drowning Prevention Campaign in a Vietnamese American Community

To address Washington State’s high pediatric fatal drowning rates in Asian children, especially Vietnamese, we conducted and evaluated a community water safety campaign for Vietnamese American families. Working with community groups, parks departments and public health, we disseminated three messages (learn to swim, swim with a lifeguard, and wear a life jacket) in Vietnamese media and at events, increased access to free/low cost swim lessons and availability of lifeguarded settings and life jackets in the community. Parents completed 168 pre- and 230 post-intervention self-administered, bilingual surveys. Significantly more post-intervention compared to pre-intervention respondents had heard water safety advice in the previous year, (OR 8.75 (5.07, 15.09)) and had used lifeguarded sites at lakes and rivers (OR 2.3 (1.04,5.08)). The campaign also increased community assets: availability of low-cost family swim lessons, free lessons at beaches, low cost life jacket sales, life jacket loan kiosks in multiple languages, and more Asian, including Vietnamese, lifeguards

Parental Choices of Flotation Devices for Children and Teen Swimmers and Waders: A Survey at Beaches in Washington State

Drowning at open-water areas is the second leading cause of unintentional death among Washington State children. Providing written and visual safety instructions and loaned life jackets at swim sites (“loaner boards”) may reduce the risk of drowning. This study sought to understand parental perceptions regarding loaner boards and behaviors related to bringing flotation devices for children to use while swimming. Of the 102 surveys administered to parents on the beach at 10 different open-water sites, 29 were collected from sites with loaner boards. Parents provided information about ages of family members present, flotation devices brought and perceptions surrounding loaner boards. The majority (85%) of families with young children (under six years old), brought some type of flotation device and 59% of them brought life jackets compared to 57% and 8% of families with only children six or older, respectively. Results provide evidence that parents of children younger than 6 years old more often plan for children to use life jackets while swimming; this may partially explain low rates of life jacket use among older children. Findings can guide efforts to increase the efficacy of loaner board programs and develop strategies to promote parental encouragement of life jacket use for older children

Analysis and Rebuttal of Development of an In-Water Intervention in a Lifeguard Protocol

We review the paper by Hunsucker and Davison published in the International Journal of Aquatic Research and Education in 2010. The authors’ two-part goal was to describe a protocol they named “in-water intervention” (IWI) that uses abdominal thrusts (ATs) and to report on its effectiveness at assisting drowning victims in waterparks. We identify serious shortcomings in the paper’s methodology, interpretation and use of the literature, and ethical principles. We conclude that their primary assertions were unsubstantiated by the evidence they presented