N-[(E)-4-Chloro­benzyl­idene]-2,4-dimethyl­aniline

The title mol­ecule, C15H14ClN, exists in a trans configuration with respect to the C=N bond [1.2813 (16) Å]. The dihedral angle between the benzene rings is 52.91 (6)°. The crystal structure is stabilized by weak inter­molecular C—H⋯π inter­actions

2-[(E)-(2,4,6-Trichloro­phen­yl)imino­meth­yl]phenol

The title mol­ecule, C13H8Cl3NO, exists in a trans configuration with respect to the C=N bond [1.278 (2) Å]. The benzene rings form a dihedral angle of 24.64 (11)°. The mol­ecular structure is stabilized by an intra­molecular O—H⋯N hydrogen bond, which generates an S(6) ring motif. In the crystal, π–π stacking inter­actions [centroid–centroid distances = 3.6893 (14) Å] are observed

2-[(E)-(2,4-Dimethyl­phen­yl)imino­meth­yl]phenol

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C15H15NO, contains two independent mol­ecules, both of which exist in trans configurations with respect to the C=N bonds [1.278 (2) and 1.279 (2) Å]. In each mol­ecule, intra­molecular O—H⋯N hydrogen bonds generate S(6) ring motifs. In one mol­ecule, the benzene rings form a dihedral angle of 13.38 (9)°, while in the other mol­ecule the dihedral angle is 30.60 (10)°. In the crystal, the two independent mol­ecules are linked via weak inter­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds

Intelligent Financial Fraud Detection Practices: An Investigation

Financial fraud is an issue with far reaching consequences in the finance industry, government, corporate sectors, and for ordinary consumers. Increasing dependence on new technologies such as cloud and mobile computing in recent years has compounded the problem. Traditional methods of detection involve extensive use of auditing, where a trained individual manually observes reports or transactions in an attempt to discover fraudulent behaviour. This method is not only time consuming, expensive and inaccurate, but in the age of big data it is also impractical. Not surprisingly, financial institutions have turned to automated processes using statistical and computational methods. This paper presents a comprehensive investigation on financial fraud detection practices using such data mining methods, with a particular focus on computational intelligence-based techniques. Classification of the practices based on key aspects such as detection algorithm used, fraud type investigated, and success rate have been covered. Issues and challenges associated with the current practices and potential future direction of research have also been identified.Comment: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Security and Privacy in Communication Networks (SecureComm 2014

Cluster Performance reconsidered: Structure, Linkages and Paths in the German Biotechnology Industry, 1996-2003

This paper addresses the evolution of biotechnology clusters in Germany between 1996 and 2003, paying particular attention to their respective composition in terms of venture capital, basic science institutions and biotechnology firms. Drawing upon the significance of co-location of "money and ideas", the literature stressing the importance of a cluster's openness and external linkages, and the path dependency debate, the paper aims to analyse how certain cluster characteristics correspond with its overall performance. After identifying different cluster types, we investigate their internal and external interconnectivity in comparative manner and draw on changes in cluster composition. Our results indicate that the structure, i.e. to which group the cluster belongs, and the openness towards external knowledge flows deliver merely unsystematic indications with regard to a cluster's overall success. Its ability to change composition towards a more balanced ratio of science and capital over time, on the other hand, turns out as a key explanatory factor. Hence, the dynamic perspective proves effective illuminating cluster growth and performance, where our explorative findings provide a promising avenue for further evolutionary research

Comparative Studies Between Porous Silicon And Porous P-Type Gallium Nitride Prepared Using Alternating Current Photo-Assisted Electrochemical Etching Technique

Porous n-type Si and porous p-type GaN nanostructures were fabricated using alternating current photo-assisted electrochemical (ACPEC) etching in 1:4 volume ratio of hydrofluoric acid (HF) and ethanol (C2H5OH) for a duration of 30 minutes. The aim of this work is to study pore formation on the Si and p-GaN substrates in the aspects of morphological and structural changes. The morphological and structural properties of porous Si and porous p-type GaN samples have been studied using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) measurement, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and high-resolution X-ray diffraction (HR-XRD) in comparison to the respective as-grown sample. FESEM analysis revealed that uniform pore size with triangular-like shape was formed in porous Si sample while circular-like shape pores were formed in the porous p-type GaN sample. AFM measurement revealed that the root-meansquare surface roughness of porous Si and porous p-GaN was 6.15 nm and 5.90 nm, respectively. Detailed investigation will be presented in this work to show that ACPEC etching technique is a viable technique to produce porous nanostructures in different substrates

Social Preferences and the Efficiency of Bilateral Exchange

Under what conditions do social preferences, such as altruism or a concern for fair outcomes, generate efficient trade? I analyze theoretically a simple bilateral exchange game: Each player sequentially takes an action that reduces his own material payoff but increases the other player’s. Each player’s preferences may depend on both his/her own material payoff and the other player’s. I identify necessary conditions and sufficient conditions on the players’ preferences for the outcome of their interaction to be Pareto efficient. The results have implications for interpreting the rotten kid theorem, gift exchange in the laboratory, and gift exchange in the field