Naringin inhibited high glucose-induced proliferation in HBZY-1 cells.

<p>The proliferation of HBZY-1 cells was determined by MTT assay. Data were expressed as means ± SD, n = 5.^a-f Means with different superscripts are significantly different (P< 0.05).</p

Naringin suppressed NF-κ B signaling pathway activation.

<p>(A) The protein levels of p-I κ B α, I κ B α and NF-κ B in kidney tissues and HBZY-1 cells were determined by western blot. Results represent three independent experiments. (B) The distribution change of NF-κ B in HBZY-1 cells was observed by immunofluorescence assay. Results represent three independent experiments. (C) The DNA binding activities of NF-κ B in kidney tissues were assessed by EMSA assay. Data were expressed as means ± SD, n = 5.^a-c Means with different superscripts are significantly different (P< 0.05).</p

Naringin inhibited collagen production and renal interstitial fibrosis.

<p>(A) The collagen deposition and renal interstitial fibrosis was observed by Masson’s staining(200×). The percentages of fibrosis area were shown. (B) The expression of collagen I in kidney tissues was determined by immunohistochemical staining(400×). (C) The expressions of collagen I, MMP-2, TIMP-1 and TGF-β1 in kidney tissues were detected by western blot. Results represent three independent experiments. Data were expressed as means ± SD, n = 6.^a-c Means with different superscripts are significantly different (P< 0.05).</p

The chemical structure of naringin.

<p>The molecular formula of naringin is C27H32O14 and the molecular weight is 580.53.</p

Naringin mitigated changes of pathomorphology and kidney injury biochemical indexes.

<p>(A) The pathological changes of renal tissues were investigated by PAS staining(400×). The glomerular injury and tubular injury scores were shown. (B) Body weight and percentage change in weight of rats. (C) Food intake per rat per day. (D) The ratios of kidney weight/ body weight were calculated. The concentrations of BUN (E), Cr(F), and UP(G) were detected. Results represent three independent experiments. Data were expressed as means ± SD, n = 6.^a-d Means with different superscripts are significantly different (P< 0.05).</p

Naringin restrained oxidative stress injury by activating Nrf2 antioxidant pathway.

<p>The concentration of MDA (A), the activity of SOD(B) and GSH-Px(C) in kidney tissues were detected. Data were expressed as means ± SD, n = 6. (D) The ROS production in HBZY-1 cells was evaluated by flow cytometry and ROS generation rates were shown. Data were expressed as means ± SD, n = 3. (E) The protein levels of Nrf2 and HO-1 in kidney tissues or HBZY-1 cells were detected by western blot. Results represent three independent experiments. (F) The DNA binding activities of Nrf2 in kidney tissues were assessed by EMSA assay. Data were expressed as means ± SD, n = 5. (G) The HO-1 activities in kidney tissues were determined. Data were expressed as means ± SD, n = 6.^a-d Means with different superscripts are significantly different (P< 0.05).</p

Porphyrinic Metal–Organic Framework PCN-224 Nanoparticles for Colocalization of Nanoparticle-Cargo in the Skin and Enhancement of Sonodynamic Efficacy

Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) is a novel therapeutic modality that is effective for the noninvasive treatment of dermatological diseases. As a ubiquitous large class of sonosensitizers, however, porphyrins suffer from poor skin permeability and the inefficient generation of reactive oxygen species. Herein, different-sized porphyrinic metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), PCN-224 (90, 125, and 200 nm), were developed via the coordination of tetra-kis(4-carboxyphenyl) porphyrin (TCPP) and the metal zirconium to enhance the local delivery of porphyrins, and fluorescent sonosensitizers (methylene blue or rhodamine 6G) were further incorporated to improve the sonodynamic effect, as well as to visualize the delivery of PCN-224 and its cargo. The skin penetration of PCN-224 was found to be increased with the reduction of particle size, and all three-sized samples could overcome the barrier of stratum corneum, even achieving the dermis of the porcine skin. Both intercellular and follicular pathways were noticed for three-sized PCN-224, while the follicular one played a more significant role in the penetration of the smallest PCN-224. The intact nanoparticles were found in the skin. At the initial stage, the nanoparticle and its cargo penetrated the skin as an intact entity, while the encapsulated rhodamine 6G was slowly released to the microenvironment of the skin from the nanoparticle with the prolongation of application. The combination of PCN-224 and methylene blue could increase the acoustically triggered generation of 1O2, distinctly boosting the lethal effect against the cancerous cell. Collectively, the study revealed the feasibility of PCN-224 for topical use, suggested an innovative method to enhance the sonodynamic effect, and proposed a possible mechanism for skin drug delivery of MOFs

The percentage of bacteria identified as definite (dark blue) and possible (light blue) causative agents in LRTI patients (for the full bacterial names see the legend of

<p><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0038743#pone-0038743-g002" target="_blank"><b>Figure 2</b></a><b>).</b> The patients are classified as: children, ≤14 yr; middle-aged adult, >14 yr but <70 yr; aged, ≥70 yr; AB, acute bronchitis; CAP, community acquired pneumonia; AECOPD, acute exacerbation of COPD; and AEBX, acute exacerbation of bronchiectasis.</p

The qLAMP-based diagnostic rates in LRTI patients and different subgroups.

<p>The qLAMP-based diagnostic rates in LRTI patients and different subgroups.</p

Data Summary of qLAMP and culture assays.

<p>Note: The Abbreviations are: Ab, <i>A. baumannii</i>; Ec, <i>E. coli</i>; Hi, <i>H. influenzae</i>; Kp, <i>K. pneumoniae</i>; Pa, <i>P. aeruginosa</i>; Sa, <i>S. aureus</i>; Sm, <i>S. maltophilia</i>; and Sp, <i>S. pneumonia</i>.</p>*<p>indicates the number of patients whose positive culture was confirmed by one of the 4 culture-based tests.</p>**<p>indicate confirmation rate of the positive cultures by one of the 4 culture-based tests.</p>***<p>indicate the bacterial mortality due to refrigeration, storage, and transportation.</p