12 research outputs found
Hydrogen gas decreased the •OH levels in PC12 cells during HBO therapy.
<p>PC12 cells in logarithmic growth phase were exposed to the experimental gases for 3 h at 1 ATA or 5 ATA. The •OH levels (A and B) were determined using HPF staining. Fluorescence images of PC12 cells were obtained by Laser-Scanning Confocal Microscopy. Fluorescence was quantified from 100 cells of each independent experiment. *<i>p</i><0.05, compared with the Air group. <sup>#</sup><i>p</i><0.05, compared with the HBO group. <sup>&</sup><i>p</i><0.05, compared with the Air-H<sub>2</sub> group. Representative results were shown from at least three repeats.</p
Hydrogen gas reduced the levels of lipid peroxidation and DNA oxidation in PC12 cells during HBO therapy.
<p>PC12 cells in logarithmic growth phase were exposed to the experimental gases for 3 h at 1 ATA or 5 ATA. (A) The MDA levels in the culture medium as an indicator for lipid peroxidation were determined using a TBARS assay kit. (B) The 8-OH-dG levels in the culture medium as an indicator for DNA oxidation were determined using a kit. The data were analyzed using ANOVA followed by Fisher’s LSD test. *<i>p</i><0.05 (n = 6), compared with the Air group, <sup>#</sup><i>p</i><0.05 (n = 6), compared with the HBO group, and <sup>&</sup><i>p</i><0.05 (n = 6), compared with the Air-H<sub>2</sub> group. Representative results were shown from at least three repeats.</p
Hydrogen gas promoted the viability and inhibited the damage in the cell membrane of PC12 cells during HBO therapy.
<p>PC12 cells in logarithmic growth phase were exposed to the experimental gases for 3 h at 1 ATA or 5 ATA. (A) The viability of PC12 cells was determined using WST-1 assay. (B) The integrity of cell membrane in PC12 cells was determined using LDH assay. The data were analyzed by ANOVA followed by Fisher’s LSD test. *<i>p</i><0.05 (n = 6), compared with the Air group, <sup>#</sup><i>p</i><0.05 (n = 6<sup>)</sup>, compared with the HBO group, and <sup>&</sup><i>p</i><0.05 (n = 6), compared with the Air-H<sub>2</sub> group. Representative results were shown from at least three repeats.</p
Hydrogen gas inhibited decrease in MMP levels of PC12 cells during HBO therapy.
<p>PC12 cells in logarithmic growth phase were exposed to the experimental gases for 3 h at 5 ATA and then stained using TMRM and MTGreen dyes. Fluorescence was detected using a Laser-Scanning Confocal Microscope. After HBO treatment, H<sub>2</sub> prevented the decline of the mitochondrial membrane potential, as detected by fluorescence of TMRM, which depends upon the mitochondrial membrane potential, whereas fluorescence levels of MTGreen, which are independent of the membrane potential, were unchanged. Representative results were shown from at least three repeats.</p
Shear Effects on Stability of DNA Complexes in the Presence of Serum
The
behavior of nanocarriers, even though they are well-defined
at equilibrium conditions, is unpredictable in living system. Using
the complexes formed by plasmid DNA (pDNA) and K<sub>20</sub> (K:
lysine), protamine, or polylysine (PLL) as models, we studied the
dynamic behavior of gene carriers in the presence of fetal bovine
serum (FBS) and under different shear rates, a condition mimicking
the internal physical environment of blood vessels. Without shear,
all the positively charged complexes bind to the negatively charged
proteins in FBS, leading to the formation of large aggregates and
even precipitates. The behaviors are quite different under shear.
The shear generates two effects: a mechanical force to break down
the complex into smaller size particles above a critical shear rate
and a stirring effect leading to secondary aggregation of complexes
below the critical shear rate. In the studied shear rate from 100
to 3000 s<sup>–1</sup>, the mechanical force plays a key role
in K<sub>20</sub>/pDNA and protamine/pDNA, while the stirring effect
is dominant in PLL/pDNA. A model study shows that the interfacial
tension, the chain density, and the elasticity of the complexes determine
their responsiveness to shear force. This study is helpful to understand
the fate of drug/gene carriers under physiological conditions. It
also gains insight in designing drug/gene carriers with desirable
properties for in vivo applications
Inward Budding and Endocytosis of Membranes Regulated by de Novo Designed Peptides
Protein-mediated
endocytosis of membrane is a key event in biological
system. The mechanism, however, is still not clear. Using a de novo
designed bola-type peptide KKKLLLLLLLLKKK (K<sub>3</sub>L<sub>8</sub>K<sub>3</sub>) as a protein mimic, we studied how it induced giant
unilamellar vesicle (GUV) to form inward buds or endocytosis at varying
conditions. Results show that the inward budding is initiated as the
charged lipids are neutralized by K<sub>3</sub>L<sub>8</sub>K<sub>3</sub>, which results in a negative spontaneous curvature. If the
charged lipids have unsaturated tails, the buddings are slim fibrils,
which can further wrap into a spherical structure. In the case of
saturated charged lipids, the buddings are rigid tubules, stable in
the studied time period. The unsaturated lipid to saturated lipid
ratio in the mother membrane is another key parameter governing the
shape and dynamics of the buds. A complete endocytosis is observed
when K<sub>3</sub>L<sub>8</sub>K<sub>3</sub> is attached with a hydrophobic
moiety, suggesting that hydrophobic interaction helps the buds to
detach from the mother membrane. The molecules in the surrounding
medium, such as negatively charged oligonucleotides, are engulfed
into the GUV via endocytosis pathway induced by K<sub>3</sub>L<sub>8</sub>K<sub>3</sub>. Our study provides a novel strategy for illustrating
the endocytosis mechanism by using peptides of simple sequence
Inward Budding and Endocytosis of Membranes Regulated by de Novo Designed Peptides
Protein-mediated
endocytosis of membrane is a key event in biological
system. The mechanism, however, is still not clear. Using a de novo
designed bola-type peptide KKKLLLLLLLLKKK (K<sub>3</sub>L<sub>8</sub>K<sub>3</sub>) as a protein mimic, we studied how it induced giant
unilamellar vesicle (GUV) to form inward buds or endocytosis at varying
conditions. Results show that the inward budding is initiated as the
charged lipids are neutralized by K<sub>3</sub>L<sub>8</sub>K<sub>3</sub>, which results in a negative spontaneous curvature. If the
charged lipids have unsaturated tails, the buddings are slim fibrils,
which can further wrap into a spherical structure. In the case of
saturated charged lipids, the buddings are rigid tubules, stable in
the studied time period. The unsaturated lipid to saturated lipid
ratio in the mother membrane is another key parameter governing the
shape and dynamics of the buds. A complete endocytosis is observed
when K<sub>3</sub>L<sub>8</sub>K<sub>3</sub> is attached with a hydrophobic
moiety, suggesting that hydrophobic interaction helps the buds to
detach from the mother membrane. The molecules in the surrounding
medium, such as negatively charged oligonucleotides, are engulfed
into the GUV via endocytosis pathway induced by K<sub>3</sub>L<sub>8</sub>K<sub>3</sub>. Our study provides a novel strategy for illustrating
the endocytosis mechanism by using peptides of simple sequence
Inward Budding and Endocytosis of Membranes Regulated by de Novo Designed Peptides
Protein-mediated
endocytosis of membrane is a key event in biological
system. The mechanism, however, is still not clear. Using a de novo
designed bola-type peptide KKKLLLLLLLLKKK (K<sub>3</sub>L<sub>8</sub>K<sub>3</sub>) as a protein mimic, we studied how it induced giant
unilamellar vesicle (GUV) to form inward buds or endocytosis at varying
conditions. Results show that the inward budding is initiated as the
charged lipids are neutralized by K<sub>3</sub>L<sub>8</sub>K<sub>3</sub>, which results in a negative spontaneous curvature. If the
charged lipids have unsaturated tails, the buddings are slim fibrils,
which can further wrap into a spherical structure. In the case of
saturated charged lipids, the buddings are rigid tubules, stable in
the studied time period. The unsaturated lipid to saturated lipid
ratio in the mother membrane is another key parameter governing the
shape and dynamics of the buds. A complete endocytosis is observed
when K<sub>3</sub>L<sub>8</sub>K<sub>3</sub> is attached with a hydrophobic
moiety, suggesting that hydrophobic interaction helps the buds to
detach from the mother membrane. The molecules in the surrounding
medium, such as negatively charged oligonucleotides, are engulfed
into the GUV via endocytosis pathway induced by K<sub>3</sub>L<sub>8</sub>K<sub>3</sub>. Our study provides a novel strategy for illustrating
the endocytosis mechanism by using peptides of simple sequence
Inward Budding and Endocytosis of Membranes Regulated by de Novo Designed Peptides
Protein-mediated
endocytosis of membrane is a key event in biological
system. The mechanism, however, is still not clear. Using a de novo
designed bola-type peptide KKKLLLLLLLLKKK (K<sub>3</sub>L<sub>8</sub>K<sub>3</sub>) as a protein mimic, we studied how it induced giant
unilamellar vesicle (GUV) to form inward buds or endocytosis at varying
conditions. Results show that the inward budding is initiated as the
charged lipids are neutralized by K<sub>3</sub>L<sub>8</sub>K<sub>3</sub>, which results in a negative spontaneous curvature. If the
charged lipids have unsaturated tails, the buddings are slim fibrils,
which can further wrap into a spherical structure. In the case of
saturated charged lipids, the buddings are rigid tubules, stable in
the studied time period. The unsaturated lipid to saturated lipid
ratio in the mother membrane is another key parameter governing the
shape and dynamics of the buds. A complete endocytosis is observed
when K<sub>3</sub>L<sub>8</sub>K<sub>3</sub> is attached with a hydrophobic
moiety, suggesting that hydrophobic interaction helps the buds to
detach from the mother membrane. The molecules in the surrounding
medium, such as negatively charged oligonucleotides, are engulfed
into the GUV via endocytosis pathway induced by K<sub>3</sub>L<sub>8</sub>K<sub>3</sub>. Our study provides a novel strategy for illustrating
the endocytosis mechanism by using peptides of simple sequence
Inward Budding and Endocytosis of Membranes Regulated by de Novo Designed Peptides
Protein-mediated
endocytosis of membrane is a key event in biological
system. The mechanism, however, is still not clear. Using a de novo
designed bola-type peptide KKKLLLLLLLLKKK (K<sub>3</sub>L<sub>8</sub>K<sub>3</sub>) as a protein mimic, we studied how it induced giant
unilamellar vesicle (GUV) to form inward buds or endocytosis at varying
conditions. Results show that the inward budding is initiated as the
charged lipids are neutralized by K<sub>3</sub>L<sub>8</sub>K<sub>3</sub>, which results in a negative spontaneous curvature. If the
charged lipids have unsaturated tails, the buddings are slim fibrils,
which can further wrap into a spherical structure. In the case of
saturated charged lipids, the buddings are rigid tubules, stable in
the studied time period. The unsaturated lipid to saturated lipid
ratio in the mother membrane is another key parameter governing the
shape and dynamics of the buds. A complete endocytosis is observed
when K<sub>3</sub>L<sub>8</sub>K<sub>3</sub> is attached with a hydrophobic
moiety, suggesting that hydrophobic interaction helps the buds to
detach from the mother membrane. The molecules in the surrounding
medium, such as negatively charged oligonucleotides, are engulfed
into the GUV via endocytosis pathway induced by K<sub>3</sub>L<sub>8</sub>K<sub>3</sub>. Our study provides a novel strategy for illustrating
the endocytosis mechanism by using peptides of simple sequence