Metabolic syndrome and chronic kidney disease in general Chinese adults: Results from the 2007–08 China National Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders Study

AbstractBackgroundChina is undergoing a rapid transition to an urbanized and Western diet pattern, which worsens the public health burden of metabolic syndrome (MS) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). We aimed to estimate the prevalence of CKD among adults with MS and to evaluate the association between MS and CKD in China.MethodsThe data were obtained from the China National Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders Study conducted from June 2007 to May 2008. A total of 15,987 individuals aged 20y or older were included as study participants.ResultsAge-standardized prevalence of CKD, which was defined as a glomerular filtration rate <60ml/min/1.73m2, in participants with and without MS was 4.64% and 3.30%, respectively. The multivariate-adjusted odds ratio of CKD associated with MS was 1.495 (95% CI: 1.190–1.879). Elevated blood pressure, elevated fasting glucose, elevated triglycerides, and reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol had statistically significant increased odds ratios of 1.218, 1.256, 1.325 and 1.797 for CKD, respectively, while elevated waist circumference was not significantly associated with an increased odds ratio of CKD.ConclusionsOur study suggests an increasing prevalence of CKD among Chinese adults with MS and a strong association between CKD and MS

Prevalence and co-prevalence of comorbidities among Chinese adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional, multicenter, retrospective, observational study based on 3B study database

PurposeThis study aimed to investigate the prevalence and co-prevalence of comorbidities among Chinese individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2DM).MethodsMedical records were retrospectively retrieved from the 3B Study database, which provided a comprehensive assessment of comorbid conditions in Chinese adult outpatients with T2DM. Patient characteristics, laboratory measures, and comorbidities were summarized via descriptive analyses, overall and by subgroups of age (&lt;65, 65–74, 75 years) and gender.ResultsAmong 25,454 eligible patients, 53% were female, and the median age was 63 years. The median time of diabetes duration was 6.18 years. A total of 20,309 (79.8%) patients had at least one comorbid condition alongside T2DM. The prevalence of patients with one, two, three, and four or more comorbid conditions was 28.0%, 24.6%, 15.6%, and 11.6%, respectively. Comorbidity burden increased with longer T2DM duration. Older age groups also exhibited higher comorbidity burden. Females with T2DM had a higher overall percentage of comorbidities compared to males (42.7% vs. 37.1%). The most common comorbid conditions in T2DM patients were hypertension (HTN) in 59.9%, overweight/obesity in 58.3%, hyperlipidemia in 42.0%, retinopathy in 16.5%, neuropathy in 15.2%, cardiovascular disease (CVD) in 14.9%, and renal disease in 14.4%. The highest co-prevalence was observed for overweight/obesity and HTN (37.6%), followed by HTN and hyperlipidemia (29.8%), overweight/obesity and hyperlipidemia (27.3%), HTN and CVD (12.6%), HTN and retinopathy (12.1%), and HTN and renal disease (11.3%).ConclusionThe majority of T2DM patients exhibit multiple comorbidities. Considering the presence of multimorbidity is crucial in clinical decision-making.Systematic review registrationhttps://clinicaltrials.gov/, identifier NCT01128205

Type 2 diabetes mellitus unawareness, prevalence, trends and risk factors: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2010

Objectives: To determine whether the associations with key risk factors in patients with diagnosed and undiagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are different using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 1999 to 2010. Methods: The study analysed the prevalence and association with risk factors of undiagnosed and diagnosed T2DM using a regression model and a multinomial logistic regression model. Data from the NHANES 1999–2010 were used for the analyses. Results: The study analysed data from 10 570 individuals. The overall prevalence of diagnosed and undiagnosed T2DM increased significantly from 1999 to 2010. The prevalence of undiagnosed T2DM was significantly higher in non-Hispanic whites, in individuals <30 years old and in those with near optimal (130–159 mg/dl) or very high (≥220 mg/dl) non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels compared with diagnosed T2DM. Body mass index, low economic status or low educational level had no effect on T2DM diagnosis rates. Though diagnosed T2DM was associated with favourable diet/carbohydrate intake behavioural changes, it had no effect on physical activity levels. Conclusion: The overall T2DM prevalence increased between 1999 and 2010, particularly for undiagnosed T2DM in patients that were formerly classified as low risk

Urban, semi-urban and rural difference in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Shaanxi province, northwestern China : a population-based survey

Background The ongoing rapid urbanization in China offers rural population opportunities not only for economic improvement but also for substantial health risks. Albeit some researches related to rural-urban difference of metabolic syndrome (MS), there lacks studies focusing on this point in undeveloped provinces in China. Methods The survey, as part of China National Diabetes and Metabolic disorders Study, was conducted in Shaanxi province from June 2007 to May 2008. A total of 3,297 adults aged 20 years or older were included, of which 1,467 individuals were from urban areas, 839 from semi-urban areas, and 890 from rural areas. The MS was defined according to the 2009 Joint Interim Statement. Results The age-standardized prevalence of MS was significant higher in rural residents than in urban counterparts (29.0% vs. 25.9%, P = 0.017), in particular among females (30.2% vs. 24.4%, P = 0.003). After adjusted for the listed risk factors, rural residents had a 27.6% increased risk of having MS than urban residents. With respect to MS components, the crude prevalence of raised fasting glucose and raised blood pressure was significantly greater in rural than in urban participants. However, no significant difference in the prevalence of MS was observed between semi-urban and urban participants. Conclusions Rural residents in Shaanxi province, northwest China, were at increased risk of MS, which could be partly explained by sociodemographic and lifestyle differences. In addition, the gap between urban and semi-urban areas seemed to be minimized in related to MS prevalence. Much more attention should be paid to and intervention strategies were needed to address the rural-urban disparities in China

Scale-Heights Of Galactic Disks And Their Correlation With The Colour Index Of The Galaxies

INTRODUCTION The scale-height of galactic disk (SGD) is certainly an important parameter for understanding spiral galaxies. While the SGD of edge-on galaxies may been determined through the van der Kruit&apos;s method (1981) (with a locally isothermal model and based on their surface photometry), SGD of the non edge-on spiral galaxies (which are the most of spiral galaxies) may be determined by observing the spiral pattern (Peng 1988). Based on Peng&apos;s method with good quality images of galaxies through CCD image observasion ( using the 1-m telescope at Yunnan Observatory), the scalehights of seven face-on spiral galaxies have been obtained ( Shang et al. 1992). Using the Atlas of Galaxies (Sandage &amp; Bedke,1988) and based the Peng&apos;s method, the scalehights of 35 spiral galaxies also obtained and a statistical correlation between the colour indices and the scalehights of disk galaxies has been found in the present work. II. PRINCIPLE OF DETERMINING SCALEHEIGHT OF NON EDGE-O

Gender Disparities in Lipid Goal Attainment among Type 2 Diabetes Outpatients with Coronary Heart Disease: Results from the CCMR-3B Study

Abstract Our study was aimed to investigate the gender disparities in lipid goal attainment among type 2 diabetes outpatients with concomitant coronary heart disease (CHD) and explore potential risk factors. We performed the present analysis using data from a nationally representative epidemiologic study. The therapeutic goal was defined as achieving a low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) <1.8 mmol/L. A total of 1721 male and 2072 female type 2 diabetes outpatients with established CHD were identified. Compared with men, women had higher levels of total cholesterol (4.98 vs. 4.46 mmol/L; p < 0.001), LDL-C (2.82 vs. 2.54 mmol/L; p < 0.001), and triglycerides (2.02 vs. 1.79 mmol/L; p < 0.001), but not hemoglobin A1c (7.47% vs. 7.50%; p = 0.597). The proportion of women received lipid-lowering therapy was lower (38.1% vs. 48.2%; p < 0.001). The percentages of patients who achieved the LDL-C goal were higher among men. Multivariable regression analysis indicated that the odds ratio for lipid goal attainment due to the gender difference was 0.61 after adjusting confounders. The inability to achieve LDL-C goals in women with type 2 diabetes and CHD is apparently greater than that in men. This finding underscores the importance of initiatives to establish a more aggressive lipid management strategy for women to overcome gender imbalances

Hypoglycaemia, Abnormal Lipids, and Cardiovascular Disease among Chinese with Type 2 Diabetes

We recruited a group of 6713 consecutive Chinese patients with T2D but normal renal and liver function who were admitted to one of 81 top tertiary care hospitals in China. Mild hypoglycaemia was defined as having symptomatic hypoglycaemia in one month before hospitalization. Severe hypoglycaemia was defined as having hypoglycaemia that needed assistance from other people in three months before hospitalization. Prior cardiovascular disease (CVD) was defined as having coronary heart disease, stroke, or peripheral arterial disease. Of 6713 patients, 80 and 304 had severe and mild hypoglycaemia episodes, respectively, and 561 had CVD. Patients with severe and mild hypoglycaemia episodes were more likely to have prior CVD (32.5% versus 16.5% versus 7.7%, P<0.0001). Both mild and severe hypoglycaemia were associated with increased risk of CVD (adjusted odds ratios (ORs): 2.64, 95% CI: 1.85–3.76 for mild hypoglycaemia; 6.59, 95% CI: 3.79–11.45 for sever hypoglycaemia) than those patients free of hypoglycaemia. Further adjustment for lipid profile did not change these two ORs. In the same way, the ORs of lipid profile for CVD were similar before and after adjustment for hypoglycaemia. We concluded that hypoglycaemia and lipid profile were independently associated with increased risk of CVD

Free fatty acid induces endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis of β-cells by Ca2+/calpain-2 pathways.

Dysfunction of β-cells is a major characteristic in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The combination of obesity and T2DM is associated with elevated plasma free fatty acids (FFAs). However, molecular mechanisms linking FFAs to β-cell dysfunction remain poorly understood. In the present study, we identified that the major endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) marker, Grp78 and ERS-induced apoptotic factor, CHOP, were time-dependently increased by exposure of β-TC3 cells to FFA. The expression of ATF6 and the phosphorylation levels of PERK and IRE1, which trigger ERS signaling, markedly increased after FFA treatments. FFA treatments increased cell apoptosis by inducing ERS in β-TC3 cells. We also found that FFA-induced ERS was mediated by the store-operated Ca(2+) entry through promoting the association of STIM1 and Orai1. Moreover, calpain-2 was required for FFA-induced expression of CHOP and activation of caspase-12 and caspase-3, thus promoting cell apoptosis in β-TC3 cells. Together, these results reveal pivotal roles for Ca(2+)/calpain-2 pathways in modulating FFA-induced β-TC3 cell ERS and apoptosis