5 research outputs found
Classifier-head Informed Feature Masking and Prototype-based Logit Smoothing for Out-of-Distribution Detection
Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is essential when deploying neural
networks in the real world. One main challenge is that neural networks often
make overconfident predictions on OOD data. In this study, we propose an
effective post-hoc OOD detection method based on a new feature masking strategy
and a novel logit smoothing strategy. Feature masking determines the important
features at the penultimate layer for each in-distribution (ID) class based on
the weights of the ID class in the classifier head and masks the rest features.
Logit smoothing computes the cosine similarity between the feature vector of
the test sample and the prototype of the predicted ID class at the penultimate
layer and uses the similarity as an adaptive temperature factor on the logit to
alleviate the network's overconfidence prediction for OOD data. With these
strategies, we can reduce feature activation of OOD data and enlarge the gap in
OOD score between ID and OOD data. Extensive experiments on multiple standard
OOD detection benchmarks demonstrate the effectiveness of our method and its
compatibility with existing methods, with new state-of-the-art performance
achieved from our method. The source code will be released publicly.Comment: 10 pages, 7 figure
Liposome encapsulated perfluorohexane enhances radiotherapy in mice without additional oxygen supply
<i>L</i>(2, 1)-Labeling Halin Graphs with Maximum Degree Eight
Suppose that T is a plane tree without vertices of degree 2 and with at least one vertex of at least degree 3, and C is the cycle obtained by connecting the leaves of T in a cyclic order. Set G=T∪C, which is called a Halin graph. A k-L(2,1)-labeling of a graph G=(V,E) is a mapping f:V(G)→{0,1,…,k} such that, for any x1,x2∈V(G), it holds that |f(x1)−f(x2)|≥2 if x1x2∈E(G), and |f(x1)−f(x2)|≥1 if the distance between x1 and x2 is 2 in G. The L(2,1)-labeling number, denoted λ(G), of G is the least k for which G is k-L(2,1)-labelable. In this paper, we prove that every Halin graph G with Δ=8 has λ(G)≤10. This improves a known result, which states that every Halin graph G with Δ≥9 satisfies λ(G)≤Δ+2. This result, together with some known results, shows that every Halin graph G satisfies λ(G)≤Δ+6
Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor Ameliorates Endothelial Dysfunction in Radiation-Induced Bladder Injury
This study was designed to explore the effect of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) on radiation-induced endothelial dysfunction and histological changes in the urinary bladder. bFGF was administrated to human umbilical vein cells (HUVEC) or urinary bladder immediately after radiation. Reduced expression of thrombomodulin (TM) was indicated in the HUVEC and urinary bladder after treatment with radiation. Decreased apoptosis was observed in HUVEC treated with bFGF. Administration of bFGF increased the expression of TM in HUVEC medium, as well as in the urinary bladder at the early and delayed phases of radiation-induced bladder injury (RIBI). At the early phase, injection of bFGF increased the thickness of urothelium and reduced inflammation within the urinary bladder. At the delayed phase, bFGF was effective in reducing fibrosis within the urinary bladder. Our results indicate that endothelial dysfunction is a prominent feature of RIBI. Administration of bFGF can ameliorate radiation-induced endothelial dysfunction in urinary bladder and preserve bladder histology at early and delayed phases of RIBI
Photothermal Ablation of in Situ Renal Tumor by PEG-IR780-C13 Micelles and Near-Infrared Irradiation
PEG-IR780-C13 micelles have been
demonstrated to be a novel photothermal
agent with tumor-targeting property. This study was designed to explore
the feasibility of applying PEG-IR780-C13 micelles and near-infrared
(NIR) irradiation for thermal ablation of renal tumor by using an
in situ tumor model. In addition, the potential thermal injury to
normal renal tissue was evaluated. PEG-IR780-C13 micelles were intended
to accumulate in renal tumor after systemic delivery. In vitro results
revealed that PEG-IR780-C13 micelles were uptaken by RENCA cells mainly
through caveola-mediated endocytosis and mainly distributed in late
endosomes and lysosomes. Upon NIR irradiation, PEG-IR780-C13 micelles
generated heat effectively both in vitro and in vivo, exhibiting a
promising photothermal therapeutic property. The photothermal effect
of PEG-IR780-C13 micelles could effectively destroy RENCA cells in
vitro and adequately inhibit growth of in situ renal tumor in vivo.
Meanwhile, PEG-IR780-C13 micelles mediated photothermal therapy (PTT)
resulting in only limited injury to normal renal tissue surrounding
tumor sites. Our data indicated that PEG-IR780-C13 micelles mediating
PTT could generate tumor-specific heat for destruction of renal tumor
in a minimally invasive way, providing a novel strategy for thermal
ablation of renal tumor