Classifier-head Informed Feature Masking and Prototype-based Logit Smoothing for Out-of-Distribution Detection

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is essential when deploying neural networks in the real world. One main challenge is that neural networks often make overconfident predictions on OOD data. In this study, we propose an effective post-hoc OOD detection method based on a new feature masking strategy and a novel logit smoothing strategy. Feature masking determines the important features at the penultimate layer for each in-distribution (ID) class based on the weights of the ID class in the classifier head and masks the rest features. Logit smoothing computes the cosine similarity between the feature vector of the test sample and the prototype of the predicted ID class at the penultimate layer and uses the similarity as an adaptive temperature factor on the logit to alleviate the network's overconfidence prediction for OOD data. With these strategies, we can reduce feature activation of OOD data and enlarge the gap in OOD score between ID and OOD data. Extensive experiments on multiple standard OOD detection benchmarks demonstrate the effectiveness of our method and its compatibility with existing methods, with new state-of-the-art performance achieved from our method. The source code will be released publicly.Comment: 10 pages, 7 figure

<i>L</i>(2, 1)-Labeling Halin Graphs with Maximum Degree Eight

Suppose that T is a plane tree without vertices of degree 2 and with at least one vertex of at least degree 3, and C is the cycle obtained by connecting the leaves of T in a cyclic order. Set G=T∪C, which is called a Halin graph. A k-L(2,1)-labeling of a graph G=(V,E) is a mapping f:V(G)→{0,1,…,k} such that, for any x1,x2∈V(G), it holds that |f(x1)−f(x2)|≥2 if x1x2∈E(G), and |f(x1)−f(x2)|≥1 if the distance between x1 and x2 is 2 in G. The L(2,1)-labeling number, denoted λ(G), of G is the least k for which G is k-L(2,1)-labelable. In this paper, we prove that every Halin graph G with Δ=8 has λ(G)≤10. This improves a known result, which states that every Halin graph G with Δ≥9 satisfies λ(G)≤Δ+2. This result, together with some known results, shows that every Halin graph G satisfies λ(G)≤Δ+6

Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor Ameliorates Endothelial Dysfunction in Radiation-Induced Bladder Injury

This study was designed to explore the effect of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) on radiation-induced endothelial dysfunction and histological changes in the urinary bladder. bFGF was administrated to human umbilical vein cells (HUVEC) or urinary bladder immediately after radiation. Reduced expression of thrombomodulin (TM) was indicated in the HUVEC and urinary bladder after treatment with radiation. Decreased apoptosis was observed in HUVEC treated with bFGF. Administration of bFGF increased the expression of TM in HUVEC medium, as well as in the urinary bladder at the early and delayed phases of radiation-induced bladder injury (RIBI). At the early phase, injection of bFGF increased the thickness of urothelium and reduced inflammation within the urinary bladder. At the delayed phase, bFGF was effective in reducing fibrosis within the urinary bladder. Our results indicate that endothelial dysfunction is a prominent feature of RIBI. Administration of bFGF can ameliorate radiation-induced endothelial dysfunction in urinary bladder and preserve bladder histology at early and delayed phases of RIBI

Photothermal Ablation of in Situ Renal Tumor by PEG-IR780-C13 Micelles and Near-Infrared Irradiation

PEG-IR780-C13 micelles have been demonstrated to be a novel photothermal agent with tumor-targeting property. This study was designed to explore the feasibility of applying PEG-IR780-C13 micelles and near-infrared (NIR) irradiation for thermal ablation of renal tumor by using an in situ tumor model. In addition, the potential thermal injury to normal renal tissue was evaluated. PEG-IR780-C13 micelles were intended to accumulate in renal tumor after systemic delivery. In vitro results revealed that PEG-IR780-C13 micelles were uptaken by RENCA cells mainly through caveola-mediated endocytosis and mainly distributed in late endosomes and lysosomes. Upon NIR irradiation, PEG-IR780-C13 micelles generated heat effectively both in vitro and in vivo, exhibiting a promising photothermal therapeutic property. The photothermal effect of PEG-IR780-C13 micelles could effectively destroy RENCA cells in vitro and adequately inhibit growth of in situ renal tumor in vivo. Meanwhile, PEG-IR780-C13 micelles mediated photothermal therapy (PTT) resulting in only limited injury to normal renal tissue surrounding tumor sites. Our data indicated that PEG-IR780-C13 micelles mediating PTT could generate tumor-specific heat for destruction of renal tumor in a minimally invasive way, providing a novel strategy for thermal ablation of renal tumor