109 research outputs found
Migrating Knowledge between Physical Scenarios based on Artificial Neural Networks
Deep learning is known to be data-hungry, which hinders its application in
many areas of science when datasets are small. Here, we propose to use transfer
learning methods to migrate knowledge between different physical scenarios and
significantly improve the prediction accuracy of artificial neural networks
trained on a small dataset. This method can help reduce the demand for
expensive data by making use of additional inexpensive data. First, we
demonstrate that in predicting the transmission from multilayer photonic film,
the relative error rate is reduced by 46.8% (26.5%) when the source data comes
from 10-layer (8-layer) films and the target data comes from 8-layer (10-layer)
films. Second, we show that the relative error rate is decreased by 22% when
knowledge is transferred between two very different physical scenarios:
transmission from multilayer films and scattering from multilayer
nanoparticles. Finally, we propose a multi-task learning method to improve the
performance of different physical scenarios simultaneously in which each task
only has a small dataset
Are Genetic Therapies for Epilepsy Ready for the Clinic?
In recent years, there has been a significant increase in preclinical studies to test genetic therapies for epilepsy. Some of these therapies have advanced to clinical trials and are being tested in patients with monogenetic or focal refractory epilepsy. This article provides an overview of the current state of preclinical studies that show potential for clinical translation. Specifically, we focus on genetic therapies that have demonstrated a clear effect on seizures in animal models and have the potential to be translated to clinical settings. Both therapies targeting the cause of the disease and those that treat symptoms are discussed. We believe that the next few years will be crucial in determining the potential of genetic therapies for treating patients with epilepsy
Decentralized Visual-Inertial-UWB Fusion for Relative State Estimation of Aerial Swarm
The collaboration of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) has become a popular
research topic for its practicability in multiple scenarios. The collaboration
of multiple UAVs, which is also known as aerial swarm is a highly complex
system, which still lacks a state-of-art decentralized relative state
estimation method. In this paper, we present a novel fully decentralized
visual-inertial-UWB fusion framework for relative state estimation and
demonstrate the practicability by performing extensive aerial swarm flight
experiments. The comparison result with ground truth data from the motion
capture system shows the centimeter-level precision which outperforms all the
Ultra-WideBand (UWB) and even vision based method. The system is not limited by
the field of view (FoV) of the camera or Global Positioning System (GPS),
meanwhile on account of its estimation consistency, we believe that the
proposed relative state estimation framework has the potential to be
prevalently adopted by aerial swarm applications in different scenarios in
multiple scales.Comment: Accepted ICRA 202
Antiferromagnetic magnonic charge current generation via ultrafast optical excitation
N\'eel spin-orbit torque allows a charge current pulse to efficiently
manipulate the N\'eel vector in antiferromagnets, which offers a unique
opportunity for ultrahigh density information storage with high speed. However,
the reciprocal process of N\'eel spin-orbit torque, the generation of ultrafast
charge current in antiferromagnets has not been demonstrated. Here, we report
the experimental observation of charge current generation in antiferromagnetic
metallic Mn2Au thin films using ultrafast optical excitation. The ultrafast
laser pulse excites antiferromagnetic magnons, resulting in instantaneous
non-equilibrium spin polarization at the antiferromagnetic spin sublattices
with broken spatial symmetry. Then the charge current is generated directly via
spin-orbit fields at the two sublattices, which is termed as the reciprocal
phenomenon of N\'eel spin-orbit torque, and the associated THz emission can be
detected at room temperature. Besides the fundamental significance on the
Onsager reciprocity, the observed magnonic charge current generation in
antiferromagnet would advance the development of antiferromagnetic THz emitter.Comment: 15 pages, 4 figures, this work was submitted to Nature Communications
on Jan. 4th, 2023, now is under the 3rd review proces
On-demand cell-autonomous gene therapy for brain circuit disorders
Several neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders are characterized by intermittent episodes of pathological activity. Although genetic therapies offer the ability to modulate neuronal excitability, a limiting factor is that they do not discriminate between neurons involved in circuit pathologies and “healthy” surrounding or intermingled neurons. We describe a gene therapy strategy that down-regulates the excitability of overactive neurons in closed loop, which we tested in models of epilepsy. We used an immediate early gene promoter to drive the expression of Kv1.1 potassium channels specifically in hyperactive neurons, and only for as long as they exhibit abnormal activity. Neuronal excitability was reduced by seizure-related activity, leading to a persistent antiepileptic effect without interfering with normal behaviors. Activity-dependent gene therapy is a promising on-demand cell-autonomous treatment for brain circuit disorders
Age-related decline in hippocampal tyrosine phosphatase PTPRO is a mechanistic factor in chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment.
Chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment (CRCI) or chemo brain is a devastating neurotoxic sequela of cancer-related treatments, especially for the elderly individuals. Here we show that PTPRO, a tyrosine phosphatase, is highly enriched in the hippocampus, and its level is tightly associated with neurocognitive function but declined significantly during aging. To understand the protective role of PTPRO in CRCI, a mouse model was generated by treating Ptpro-/- female mice with doxorubicin (DOX) because Ptpro-/- female mice are more vulnerable to DOX, showing cognitive impairments and neurodegeneration. By analyzing PTPRO substrates that are neurocognition-associated tyrosine kinases, we found that SRC and EPHA4 are highly phosphorylated/activated in the hippocampi of Ptpro-/- female mice, with increased sensitivity to DOX-induced CRCI. On the other hand, restoration of PTPRO in the hippocampal CA3 region significantly ameliorate CRCI in Ptpro-/- female mice. In addition, we found that the plant alkaloid berberine (BBR) is capable of ameliorating CRCI in aged female mice by upregulating hippocampal PTPRO. Mechanistically, BBR upregulates PTPRO by downregulating miR-25-3p, which directly targeted PTPRO. These findings collectively demonstrate the protective role of hippocampal PTPRO against CRCI
Age-related decline in hippocampal tyrosine phosphatase PTPRO is a mechanistic factor in chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment
Chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment (CRCI) or “chemo brain” is a devastating neurotoxic sequela of cancer-related treatments, especially for the elderly individuals. Here we show that PTPRO, a tyrosine phosphatase, is highly enriched in the hippocampus, and its level is tightly associated with neurocognitive function but declined significantly during aging. To understand the protective role of PTPRO in CRCI, a mouse model was generated by treating Ptpro–/– female mice with doxorubicin (DOX) because Ptpro–/– female mice are more vulnerable to DOX, showing cognitive impairments and neurodegeneration. By analyzing PTPRO substrates that are neurocognition-associated tyrosine kinases, we found that SRC and EPHA4 are highly phosphorylated/activated in the hippocampi of Ptpro–/– female mice, with increased sensitivity to DOX-induced CRCI. On the other hand, restoration of PTPRO in the hippocampal CA3 region significantly ameliorate CRCI in Ptpro–/– female mice. In addition, we found that the plant alkaloid berberine (BBR) is capable of ameliorating CRCI in aged female mice by upregulating hippocampal PTPRO. Mechanistically, BBR upregulates PTPRO by downregulating miR-25-3p, which directly targeted PTPRO. These findings collectively demonstrate the protective role of hippocampal PTPRO against CRCI.</p
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