Encroachment order and spatial patterns of broad-leaf tree species in the naturalization of a Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation

Authors of the article state that the aim of this study was to understand the encroachment order, spatial patterns, interspecific associations, and species diversity of a Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation and to provide context for how to improve the spatial structure of C. lanceolata plantations. Their results show that the encroachment of broad-leaf trees into the C. lanceolata plantation followed a clear successional sequence of tree community assembly: intolerant tree species encroachment first, such as Alniphyllum fortunei and Liquidambar formosana, encroached; neutral tree species then encroachment, such as Daphniphyllum oldhamii and Schima superba, and shade-tolerant tree species encroachment last, such as Castanopsis eyrei and Castanopsis tibetana

a variant of boyen-waters anonymous ibe scheme

An identity-based encryption (IBE) scheme is called anonymous if the ciphertext leaks no information about the recipient's identity. In this paper, we present a novel anonymous identity-based encryption scheme. Our scheme comes from the analysis of Boyen-Waters anonymous IBE Scheme in which we find a method to construct anonymous IBE schemes. We show that Boyen-Waters anonymous IBE scheme can be transformed from BB1-IBE scheme. Our scheme is also transformed from BB1-IBE scheme and can be seemed as a variant of Boyen-Waters anonymous IBE scheme. The security proof shows the transformed scheme has the same semantic security as the original scheme and has anonymous security. We prove anonymity under the Decision Linear assumption. © 2011 Springer-Verlag.National Natural Science Foundation of China (NNSFC); The Microsoft Corporation; Beijing Tip Technology Corporation; Trusted Computing Group (TCG)An identity-based encryption (IBE) scheme is called anonymous if the ciphertext leaks no information about the recipient's identity. In this paper, we present a novel anonymous identity-based encryption scheme. Our scheme comes from the analysis of Boyen-Waters anonymous IBE Scheme in which we find a method to construct anonymous IBE schemes. We show that Boyen-Waters anonymous IBE scheme can be transformed from BB1-IBE scheme. Our scheme is also transformed from BB1-IBE scheme and can be seemed as a variant of Boyen-Waters anonymous IBE scheme. The security proof shows the transformed scheme has the same semantic security as the original scheme and has anonymous security. We prove anonymity under the Decision Linear assumption. © 2011 Springer-Verlag

Stand Characteristics Rather than Soil Properties Contribute More to the Expansion of Moso Bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) into Its Neighboring Forests in Subtropical Region

Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis), once highly praised worldwide, has been found to be a problematic species due to its unconstrained expansion into adjacent woodlands and negative effects on the function services of forest ecosystems. To determine the major factors affecting bamboo expansion into neighbor woodlands, we investigated the expansion characteristics of moso bamboo and the properties of stand structure and soil for 58 bamboo–woodland interfaces (BWIs) across Jiangxi province in China. Then, we analyzed the relationships between the variables of bamboo expansion and the properties of interfaces through a redundancy analysis. The characteristics (the expansion distance and the number and size of new culms) of moso bamboo expansion into disturbed forests were more significant (p < 0.01) than those into non-disturbed forests. The bamboo expansion into deciduous broad-leaved forest was much faster (1.33 m/yr) than evergreen broad-leaved forest (0.82 m/yr) and needle-leaved forest (1.08 m/yr). The characteristics of stand structure had more direct explanatory power (58.8%) than soil properties (4.3%) and their interaction (10.0%) for the variations in bamboo expansion. The canopy closure of recipient forests was identified as the most significant factor negatively correlated to bamboo expansion. The number of parent culms and the ratio of deciduous to evergreen trees ranked in sequence, and both imposed positive effects on the expansion. Regarding soil properties, only the water content was identified for its explanatory power and negative influence on bamboo expansion. Our findings illustrated that the expansion of moso bamboo showed remarkable variations when facing different woodlands. Stand characteristics (canopy closure, canopy height, etc.) of good explanatory power were the major variables affecting the expansion of moso bamboo. In order to control the expansion of bamboo and protect woodlands, disturbances (extracting timber, girdling trunks) should be prevented in bamboo–woodland interfaces

Stand Characteristics Rather than Soil Properties Contribute More to the Expansion of Moso Bamboo (<i>Phyllostachys edulis</i>) into Its Neighboring Forests in Subtropical Region

Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis), once highly praised worldwide, has been found to be a problematic species due to its unconstrained expansion into adjacent woodlands and negative effects on the function services of forest ecosystems. To determine the major factors affecting bamboo expansion into neighbor woodlands, we investigated the expansion characteristics of moso bamboo and the properties of stand structure and soil for 58 bamboo–woodland interfaces (BWIs) across Jiangxi province in China. Then, we analyzed the relationships between the variables of bamboo expansion and the properties of interfaces through a redundancy analysis. The characteristics (the expansion distance and the number and size of new culms) of moso bamboo expansion into disturbed forests were more significant (p < 0.01) than those into non-disturbed forests. The bamboo expansion into deciduous broad-leaved forest was much faster (1.33 m/yr) than evergreen broad-leaved forest (0.82 m/yr) and needle-leaved forest (1.08 m/yr). The characteristics of stand structure had more direct explanatory power (58.8%) than soil properties (4.3%) and their interaction (10.0%) for the variations in bamboo expansion. The canopy closure of recipient forests was identified as the most significant factor negatively correlated to bamboo expansion. The number of parent culms and the ratio of deciduous to evergreen trees ranked in sequence, and both imposed positive effects on the expansion. Regarding soil properties, only the water content was identified for its explanatory power and negative influence on bamboo expansion. Our findings illustrated that the expansion of moso bamboo showed remarkable variations when facing different woodlands. Stand characteristics (canopy closure, canopy height, etc.) of good explanatory power were the major variables affecting the expansion of moso bamboo. In order to control the expansion of bamboo and protect woodlands, disturbances (extracting timber, girdling trunks) should be prevented in bamboo–woodland interfaces

Leaf Anatomical Plasticity of <i>Phyllostachys glauca</i> McClure in Limestone Mountains Was Associated with Both Soil Water and Soil Nutrients

Little is known on how karst plants adapt to highly heterogeneous habitats via adjusting leaf anatomical structures. Phyllostachys glauca McClure is a dominant species that grow across different microhabitats in the limestone mountains of Jiangxi Province, China. We investigated the leaf anatomical structures, plant biomass, soil water content, soil total nitrogen (TN), and soil total phosphorus (TP) from three habitats characterized by different rock exposure, including high rock exposure (HRE), medium rock exposure (MRE) and low rock exposure (LRE), and aimed to discern the relationships between the leaf anatomical plasticity and edaphic factors. The leaves of P. glauca in different habitats showed significant anatomical plasticity in two aspects. First, the leaves adjusted cuticle thickness, papillae length, bulliform cell size and mesophyll thickness to lower water loss and then adapt to the water-deficient habitats (HRE). Second, the leaves enlarged vessels and vascular bundles (first-order and second-order parallel veins) to improve water and nutrient transportation and then enhance plant growth in nitrogen-rich habitats (HRE). Soil water and soil nutrients purely explained the total variation of leaf anatomical traits by 21.7% and 15.7%, respectively, and had a shared proportion of 15.8%. Our results indicated that the leaf anatomical variations in different habitats were associated with both soil water and soil nutrients. Moreover, we found that leaf anatomical structures were more affected by TN than TP. The present study advanced the current understanding of the strategies employed by karst plants to cope with highly heterogeneous habitats via leaf anatomical plasticity

Additional file 1 of Silicon supply promotes differences in growth and C:N:P stoichiometry between bamboo and tree saplings

Additional file 1: Table S1. The concentrations of Si, C, N, and P in different tissues of P. pubescens, P. bournei, S. superba, and C. lanceolata under three Si supply levels (n = 8)

Additional file 2 of Silicon supply promotes differences in growth and C:N:P stoichiometry between bamboo and tree saplings

Additional file 2: Figure S1. Conceptual diagram of the pot experiment, including three levels of Si supply: 0 (control), 0.2 g, and 0.4 g Si addition per pot. Figure S2. The concentration of nitrogen (N, g kg−1), carbon (C, g kg−1), soluble silicon (SiSOL, g kg−1), and amorphous silicon (SiAMOR, g kg−1) in soils under three levels of silicon supply. Error bars depict means with standard errors (n = 8). Different letters above bars reflect significant differences among groups (P < 0.05)