Caregivers’ Compliance and Perception of Daycare Centers:A Community-Based Childhood Drowning Prevention Intervention Implemented in Rural Bangladesh

Drowning was one of the most prevalent causes of death worldwide for children under five in 2020. Drowning was the second leading cause of death for children under five in Bangladesh, while 58% of all deaths in the 1–5 years old age group resulted from drowning. Adult supervision helps prevent child drowning in rural areas where water bodies are easily accessible and located very close to homes. This paper aims to assess caregivers’ compliance and perception of community daycare centers in rural Bangladesh, piloted as a child drowning prevention intervention. In this longitudinal study, each child enrolled in the daycare intervention was visited and data on compliance and satisfaction with the daycare were collected. Descriptive statistics on daycare attendance, patterns of supervision, and caregivers’ perceptions about daycare were reported. When inquired about daycare attendance (n = 226,552), a total of 77.4% of children (n = 175,321) were found to attend daycare. The distance from homes and an adult’s unavailability to take the child to daycare were the most common reasons for not attending or discontinuing enrollment. The majority of children (76.4%) were supervised by their mothers during daycare closures. A total of 67.7% of respondents perceived daycare to be a safe place, where children also developed cognitive (51.7%) and social skills (50.6%). There were no incidences of drowning among children while attending daycare. Rural families were found to be compliant with the daycare and professed it to be a safe place protecting children from drowning and other injuries, while allowing them to focus on household chores or income-generating activities. These findings indicate a potential for the expansion of this intervention in rural Bangladesh and similar settings

An Alternative Method of Endoscopic Intrasphenoidal Vidian Neurectomy

Objective To develop an easy surgical approach to facilitate clinical management. Study Design A novel transnasal endoscopic 3-step surgical method for vidian neurectomy was designed and tried in 91 cases with a mild-to-severe degree of allergic and nonallergic rhinitis refractory to routine medical therapy. Setting Endoscopic vidian neurectomy requires accurate localization of the vidian canal. However, it is not easy to localize during surgery because of its deep location and the complex anatomy of the pterygopalatine fossa. Subjects and Methods This technique consists of 3 steps, including transnasal endoscopic perforation of the anterior wall of the sphenoidal sinus as the first step and removal of the anterior wall until the exposure of the vidian canal in the junction between the anterior wall and the floor of the sphenoid sinus as the second step. The last step is the accurate resection and cauterization of the vidian nerve. In some cases in which the sphenoid sinus developed well with a big lateral space, an extended procedure of posterior ethmoidectomy was included to allow good exposure of the vidian canal. Results Using this technique, successful endoscopic vidian neurectomy in this series of patients was confirmed by both histology and Schirmer test, showing its distinct advantages of easy localization of the vidian canal and less risk of injury to the nerve and vessel bundles within the pterygopalatine fossa. Conclusion Taken together, this novel 3-step procedure of endoscopic vidian neurectomy plus an extended procedure guarantees good exposure of the vidian canal and therefore accurate vidian neurectomy

Additional file 4: of Transcriptomic profiling of tall fescue in response to heat stress and improved thermotolerance by melatonin and 24-epibrassinolide

Table S2. Summary of transcriptome samples. (XLSX 8 kb

Additional file 7: of Transcriptomic profiling of tall fescue in response to heat stress and improved thermotolerance by melatonin and 24-epibrassinolide

Table S5. List of 344 genes involved in ubiquitin dependent protein degradation pathway. (XLSX 67 kb

Additional file 3: of Transcriptomic profiling of tall fescue in response to heat stress and improved thermotolerance by melatonin and 24-epibrassinolide

Figure S2: Concentration screening of exogenous melatonin and 2, 4-epibrassinolide on tall fescue seedlings under heat stress condition. (PPTX 157 kb

Additional file 2: of Transcriptomic profiling of tall fescue in response to heat stress and improved thermotolerance by melatonin and 24-epibrassinolide

Figure S1: Effect of high temperature at 42 °C on growth of tall fescue seedlings. (PPTX 90 kb

Additional file 1: of Transcriptomic profiling of tall fescue in response to heat stress and improved thermotolerance by melatonin and 24-epibrassinolide

Table S1. List of primers used for real-time PCR. (XLSX 11 kb

Additional file 9: of Transcriptomic profiling of tall fescue in response to heat stress and improved thermotolerance by melatonin and 24-epibrassinolide

Table S7. List of genes involved in hormone pathways. (XLSX 28 kb

Additional file 8: of Transcriptomic profiling of tall fescue in response to heat stress and improved thermotolerance by melatonin and 24-epibrassinolide

Table S6. List of highly induced genes in tall fescue by heat stress. (XLSX 18 kb