Ability of simulated interventions to interrupt malaria transmission and control reintroductions.

a<p>Range of time (days) until transmission is interrupted. Time to interruption is the first occurance of 150 days with no infectious mosquitoes.</p>b<p>90% chance of symptomatic individuals receiving curative treatment; time between appearance of symptoms and treatment is decreased (compared to baseline).</p>c<p>100% of population is treated with a curative dose at start of intervention and 40 days later with same drug as used for chemotherapy.</p>d<p>80% of the population receive (and use) bed nets; use of a bed net reduces mosquito exposure by 80%.</p

Sensitivity of model output to treatment coverage.

<p>Changes in (A) fever and (B) EIR are compared to baseline (50% treatment and 0% bed net coverage). Contours represent the ratio of intervention to baseline 5 years after start of intervention.</p

Simulated impact of T90 intervention on parasitemia.

<p>Data are expressed as the ratio of mean number of patent (≥100 parasites/µl; dashed line) or sub-patent (<100 parasites/µl; solid line) infections to baseline in (A) 0–3 year olds and (B) >14 year olds. Values <1 represent fewer infections under the intervention compared to baseline, while >1 represents more infections under the intervention.</p

Average long-term impacts of interventions on EIR and morbidity.

<p>Impacts for (A) EIR, (B) population morbidity, (C) morbidity in 0–3 year olds and (D) >14 year olds are given relative to baseline for moderate transmission simulations. Only results from simulations in which elimination was not achieved and sustained are included, reducing the sample sizes to n = 3 and n = 5 for the MDA+bed+T90 and MDA+T90 interventions, respectively.</p

Electrochemical Functionalization of <i>N</i>‑Methyl-2-pyrrolidone-Exfoliated Graphene Nanosheets as Highly Sensitive Analytical Platform for Phenols

Graphene nanosheets (GS) were easily prepared from graphite via a one-step ultrasonic exfoliation approach using <i>N</i>-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) as the solvent. Compared with the widely used graphene oxide (GO) obtained by multistep chemical oxidation, the NMP-exfoliated GS exhibited apparently better electrochemical activity toward the oxidation of a series of phenols like hydroquinone, catechol, 4-chlorophenol, and 4-nitrophenol. Interestingly, the electrochemical activity of GS toward these phenols can be further enhanced by simply anodizing at 1.8 V for 2 min (denoted as EGS), reflected by the apparently enlarged oxidation peak currents in voltammograms and the obviously reduced charge transfer resistance in electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS). Characterizations by techniques like X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS), Raman spectra, and atomic force microscopy (AFM) demonstrated that the introduction of new oxygen-containing groups or edge-plane defects and the enhanced surface roughness were responsible for the enhanced activity of EGS. Thereafter, a simple electrochemical method for the highly sensitive detection of phenols was established and the detection limits were 0.012 μM, 0.015 μM, 0.01 μM, and 0.04 μM for hydroquinone, catechol, 4-chlorophenol, and 4-nitrophenol, respectively. The facile synthesis of EGS, together with its high electrochemical activity, thus created a novel platform for developing highly sensitive electrochemical sensing systems

Prevalence of LM (light microscopy, blue bar) and SM (sub-microscopy, red bar) <i>P. falciparum</i> in clinical malaria suspects.

<p>Total height of bar (blue + red) represents PCR prevalence.</p

Summary of location, year and references of the selected surveys.

<p>NR: not reported</p><p>*223/295 samples were randomly selected</p><p>**PCR rates are estimates based on PCR results of a random sample set.</p><p>Summary of location, year and references of the selected surveys.</p

Prevalence of LM (light microscopy, blue bar) and SM (sub-microscopy, red bar) of sympatric <i>P. falciparum</i> in cross-sectional surveys.

<p>Total height of each bar (blue + red) represents the PCR prevalence. Countries where data were collected and their corresponding references (detailed in <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003413#pntd-0003413-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>) are shown on the x-axis.</p

A) Comparison of SM (sub-microscopy) <i>P. vivax</i> and SM (sub-microscopy) <i>P. falciparum</i> prevalence (mean with 95% CI) in 31 cross-sectional surveys.

<p>B) Comparison of relative proportions of SM (sub-microscopy) <i>P. vivax</i> and <i>P. falciparum</i> (mean with 95% CI) in 31 cross-sectional surveys.</p

Prevalence of LM (light microscopy, blue bar) and SM (sub-microscopy, red bar) <i>P. vivax</i> in clinical malaria suspects.

<p>Total height of the bar (blue + red) represents the PCR prevalence.</p