Table1_Efficacy of inhaled nitric oxide in preterm infants ≤ 34 weeks: a systematic review and meta—analysis of randomized controlled trials.docx

Background: The effect of inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) in neonates >34 weeks on improving respiration is well documented. However, the efficacy of iNO in preterm infants ≤34 weeks remains controversial.Objectives: The main purpose of this review is to assess the effectiveness and safety of iNO treatment in preterm infants ≤34 weeks.Search methods: We systematically searched PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Libraries from their inception to 1 June 2023. We also reviewed the reference lists of retrieved studies.Selection criteria: Our study involved randomized controlled trials on preterm infants ≤34 weeks, especially those receiving iNO treatment, and mainly assessed outcomes such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and mortality. Two authors independently reviewed these trials, extracted data, and evaluated study biases. Disagreements were resolved by consensus. We used the GRADE method to assess evidence quality.Results: Our research included a total of 17 studies involving 4,080 neonates and 7 follow-up studies. The synthesis of results showed that in neonates, iNO treatment reduced the incidence of BPD (RR: 0.92; 95% CI: 0.86–0.98). It also decreased the composite outcome of death or BPD (RR: 0.94; 95% CI: 0.90–0.98), without increasing the risk of short-term (such as intraventricular hemorrhage, periventricular leukomalacia) and long-term neurological outcomes (including Bayley mental developmental index Conclusion: Inhaled NO reduced the incidence of BPD in neonates at 36 weeks of gestation, and the effect of the treatment depended on neonatal age, birth weight, duration and dose of iNO. Therefore, iNO can be considered a promising treatment for the potential prevention of BPD in premature infants. More data, however, would be needed to support nitric oxide registration in this specific patient population, to minimize its off-label use.</p

Effects of Heating Rate on the Nucleation, Growth, and Transformation of InOOH and In₂O₃ via Solvothermal Reactions

A solvothermal reaction is generally considered to be governed by the chemical and thermodynamic parameters. Yet, the effects of heating rate on the nucleation and growth of the target materials within solvothermal processes have been rarely reported. In this work, taking the solvothermally synthesized InOOH/In₂O₃ as the sample system we intend to illustrate that the heating rate plays an important role in the nucleation, growth, and transformation in solvothermal reactions. It is shown that with the heating rate changing from 4 to 8 °C/min, the initial nucleation temperature for ultrathin InOOH nanowires drops greatly from 160 to 120 °C. At a heating rate of 4 °C/min, the transformation from InOOH nanowires to In₂O₃ nanocubes in the one-step solvothermal system begins at 170 °C and completes at 210 °C. While at a heating rate of 8 °C/min, the transformation begins at 130 °C and completes at 180 °C. It is also found that heating rate may trigger different growth mechanisms in the solvothermal system and subsequently influence the microstructure of the products. Thus, it is anticipated that controlling the heating rate may be a potential route to tailor the morphology, microstructure, and even the properties of materials via solvothermal processes

High Pressure Raman Scattering and Synchrotron X‑ray Diffraction Studies of Benzyl Azide

Benzyl azide was investigated by high-pressure Raman scattering spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction technologies. A complete vibrational analysis of benzyl azide was performed by combining the experimental measurements and theoretical calculations using DFT-based scaled quantum chemical approach. The high-pressure Raman spectra and calculation results indicate that benzyl azide underwent a conformational change at 0.67 GPa accompanied by rotation of methylene group and azide group. The frequency of the CH₂ bending mode decreases with increasing pressure due to the increase of the C–H···π interactions, which is similar to the role of the hydrogen bond. A liquid to solid phase transition occurred at 2.7 GPa, which was confirmed by the X-ray diffraction measurements. As the pressure reached 25.6 GPa, all the azide group vibrations vanished, indicating that the decomposition pressure of the molecular azide groups in organic azides is lower than that of the azide ions in inorganic azides

Pressure-Induced Diversity of π‑Stacking Motifs and Amorphous Polymerization in Pyrrole

The behavior of pyrrole under high pressure has been investigated by <i>in situ</i> high-pressure synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman scattering up to 34 GPa. A solid-to-solid transition at about 6.2 GPa with a large collapse of volume (∼40%) from <i>Pnma</i> to <i>P</i>2₁/<i>c</i> has been found after a liquid-to-solid transition at 0.6 GPa, which is caused by the molecular rotational repacking of π-stacking. This new phase <i>P</i>2₁/<i>c</i> plays a central role in the following pressure-induced polymerization due to the formation of a closed dimer, a very important precursor. The threshold of C···C distance with steric hindrance in dimer is about 1.62 Å at ∼10.2 GPa. After this steric hindrance is overcome, a crystal–amorphous transformation starts at ∼14.3 GPa. When completely released from 34 GPa, the recovered solid product with single bond is identified by <i>in situ</i> Raman measurement