Comparison of saturation rules used for gyrokinetic quasilinear transport modeling

Theory-based transport modeling has been widely successful and is built on the foundations of quasilinear theory. Specifically, the quasilinear expression of the flux can be used in combination with a saturation rule for the toroidal mode amplitude. Most transport models follow this approach. Saturation rules are heuristic and difficult to rigorously derive. We compare three common saturation rules using a fairly accurate quasilinear expression for the fluxes computed using local linear gyrokinetic simulation. We take plasma parameters from experimental H-mode profiles and magnetic equilibrium and include electrons, Deuterium, and Carbon species. We find that the various saturation rules give qualitatively similar behavior. This may help explain why the different theory-based transport models can all predict core tokamak profiles reasonably well. Comparisons with nonlinear local and global gyrokinetic simulations are also discussed.Comment: 11 pages, 8 figure

ULTRA-DP: Unifying Graph Pre-training with Multi-task Graph Dual Prompt

Recent research has demonstrated the efficacy of pre-training graph neural networks (GNNs) to capture the transferable graph semantics and enhance the performance of various downstream tasks. However, the semantic knowledge learned from pretext tasks might be unrelated to the downstream task, leading to a semantic gap that limits the application of graph pre-training. To reduce this gap, traditional approaches propose hybrid pre-training to combine various pretext tasks together in a multi-task learning fashion and learn multi-grained knowledge, which, however, cannot distinguish tasks and results in some transferable task-specific knowledge distortion by each other. Moreover, most GNNs cannot distinguish nodes located in different parts of the graph, making them fail to learn position-specific knowledge and lead to suboptimal performance. In this work, inspired by the prompt-based tuning in natural language processing, we propose a unified framework for graph hybrid pre-training which injects the task identification and position identification into GNNs through a prompt mechanism, namely multi-task graph dual prompt (ULTRA-DP). Based on this framework, we propose a prompt-based transferability test to find the most relevant pretext task in order to reduce the semantic gap. To implement the hybrid pre-training tasks, beyond the classical edge prediction task (node-node level), we further propose a novel pre-training paradigm based on a group of $k$-nearest neighbors (node-group level). The combination of them across different scales is able to comprehensively express more structural semantics and derive richer multi-grained knowledge. Extensive experiments show that our proposed ULTRA-DP can significantly enhance the performance of hybrid pre-training methods and show the generalizability to other pre-training tasks and backbone architectures

A high-resolution remote sensing image building extraction method based on deep learning

Traditional building extraction from very high resolution remote sensing optical imagery is limited by low precision and incomplete boundary. In this paper, a high-resolution remote sensing image building extraction method based on deep learning is proposed. Firstly, Principal Component Analysis is used to pre-train network structure in an unsupervised way and obtain the characteristics of remote sensing image. Secondly, an adaptive pooling model is proposed to reduce the feature information loss in the pooling process. The texture features are extracted by non-subsampled contour wave transformation and introduced to the network to improve the building extraction. Finally, the obtained image features are inputted into the softmax classifier for classification and building extraction results. A typical experiment areas selected. The comparison with typical building extraction method, the experimental results shows that the proposed method can extract the buildings with higher accuracy, especially the clearer and more complete boundary

Karyotypes of 10 Anuran Species from the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau

The Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP) is the highest and largest mountain plateau in the world, which has become a focus area of amphibian biodiversity research and conservation, depending on its large number of endemic and threatened species. Among the 58 families of Anura, only a few species of four families (Megophryidae, Bufonidae, Dicroglossidae, Ranidae) are distributed in QTP. Revealing the genetic diversity of these species is crucial for research on their environmental adaptability and biodiversity conservation. Chromosome rearrangements are a critical source of genetic variation, which is recognized as a driver of speciation, providing the genetic material for differentiation and environmental adaptation of amphibians. Here, we identified the karyotypes of 10 species of the above families from the QTP. The karyotypes of these species were obtained from new sites that were not previously reported. Among them, the karyotypes of D. himalayanus and tetraploid B. zamdaensis were reported for the first time. In particular, the ploidy of B. zamdaensis from Zanda, China, was found to be distinctly different from the ploidy from Spiti River, India. This indicates that they have presented species differentiation and supports the multiple and complicated polyploidization events in the Bufotes toads. Furthermore, the different locations of the secondary constriction between the Weixi and Zhongdian populations of O. xiangchengensis support that there is a karyotypic variation between the two subspecies (O. xiangchengensis xiangchengensis vs. O. xiangchengensis deqinicus). A series of chromosomal variations may have facilitated the rapid evolution of amphibians in the QTP, and our study will provide support for further research on amphibian genetic diversity and biodiversity conservation

In‐situ controllable synthesis of carbon dots for patterned fluorescent wood films rapid fabrication strategy

Abstract Fluorescent‐patterned materials are widely used in information storage and encryption. However, preparing a patterned fluorescent display on a matrix currently requires a time‐consuming (hours or even days) and complex multi‐step process. Herein, a rapid and mild technique developed for the in‐situ controllable synthesis of fluorescent nitrogen‐doped carbon dots (NCDs) on eco‐friendly transparent wood films (TEMPO‐oxidized carboxyl wood film [TOWF]) within a few minutes was developed. A wood skeleton was employed as the carbon precursor for NCD synthesis as well as the matrix for the uniform and controlled distribution of NCDs. Moreover, the in‐situ synthesis mechanism for preparing NCDs in TOWF was proposed. The resulting fluorescent wood films have excellent tensile strength (310.00 ± 15.57 MPa), high transmittance (76.2%), high haze (95.0%), UV‐blocking properties in the full ultraviolet (UV) range, and fluorescent performance that can be modified by changing the heating parameters. Fluorescent patterning was simply achieved by regulating the in‐situ NCD synthesis regions, and the fluorescent patterns were formed within 10 s. These fluorescent‐patterned wood films can effectively store and encrypt information, and they can interact with external information through a transparent matrix. This work provides a green and efficient strategy for fabricating fluorescent information storage and encryption materials

Supplementary document for Quickly tunable ultra-narrow filter via metal film waveguide - 6923222.pdf

supporting informatio

Molecular and Cytogenetic Identification of Wheat-<i>Thinopyrum intermedium</i> Double Substitution Line-Derived Progenies for Stripe Rust Resistance

Thinopyrum intermedium (2n = 6x = 42, JJJSJSStSt) has been hybridized extensively with common wheat and proven to be a valuable germplasm source for improving disease resistance and yield potential of wheat. A novel disease-resistant wheat-Th. intermedium double substitution line X479, carrying 1St(1B) and 4St-4JS (4B), was identified using multi-color non-denaturing fluorescence in situ hybridization (ND-FISH). With the aim of transferring Thinopyrum-specific chromatin to wheat, a total of 573 plants from F2 and F3 progenies of X479 crossed with wheat cultivar MY11 were developed and characterized using sequential ND-FISH with multiple probes. Fifteen types of wheat-Thinopyrum translocation chromosomes were preferentially transmitted in the progenies, and the homozygous wheat-1St, and wheat-4JSL translocation lines were identified using ND-FISH, Oligo-FISH painting and CENH3 immunostaining. The wheat-4JSL translocation lines exhibited high levels of resistance to stripe rust prevalent races in field screening. The gene for stripe rust resistance was found to be physically located on FL0–0.60 of the 4JSL, using deletion lines and specific DNA markers. The new wheat-Th. intermedium translocation lines can be exploited as useful germplasms for wheat improvement

From Water to Land: The Structural Construction and Molecular Switches in Lungs during Metamorphosis of Microhyla fissipes

Most anurans must undergo metamorphosis to adapt to terrestrial life. This process enhances the air-breathing ability of the lungs to cope with the change in oxygen medium from water to air. Revealing the structural construction and molecular switches of lung organogenesis is essential to understanding the realization of the air-breathing function. In this study, histology and transcriptomics were conducted in combination to explore these issues in Microhyla fissipes&rsquo; lungs during metamorphosis. During the pro-metamorphic phase, histological structural improvement of the alveolar wall is accompanied by robust substrate metabolism and protein turnover. The lungs, at the metamorphic climax phase, are characterized by an increased number of cilia in the alveolar epithelial cells and collagenous fibers in the connective tissues, corresponding to the transcriptional upregulation of cilia and extracellular matrix-related genes. Post-metamorphic lungs strengthen their contracting function, as suggested by the thickened muscle layer and the upregulated expression of genes involved in muscle contraction. The blood&ndash;gas barrier is fully developed in adult lungs, the transcriptional features of which are tissue growth and regulation of differentiation and immunity. Importantly, significant transcriptional switches of pulmonary surfactant protein and hemoglobin facilitate air breathing. Our results illuminated four key steps of lung development for amphibians to transition from water to land

Genome-Wide Distribution of Novel Ta-3A1 Mini-Satellite Repeats and Its Use for Chromosome Identification in Wheat and Related Species

A large proportion of the genomes of grasses is comprised of tandem repeats (TRs), which include satellite DNA. A mini-satellite DNA sequence with a length of 44 bp, named Ta-3A1, was found to be highly accumulated in wheat genome, as revealed by a comprehensive sequence analysis. The physical distribution of Ta-3A1 in chromosomes 3A, 5A, 5B, 5D, and 7A of wheat was confirmed by nondenaturing fluorescence in situ hybridization (ND-FISH) after labeling the oligonucleotide probe. The analysis of monomer variants indicated that rapid sequence amplification of Ta-3A1 occurred first on chromosomes of linkage group 5, then groups 3 and 7. Comparative ND-FISH analysis suggested that rapid changes occurred in copy number and chromosomal locations of Ta-3A1 among the different species in the tribe Triticeae, which may have been associated with chromosomal rearrangements during speciation and polyploidization. The labeling and subsequent use of Ta-3A1 by ND-FISH may assist in the precise identification and documentation of novel wheat germplasm engineered by chromosome manipulation