The Third Wave of Public Administration: The New Public Governance

Along with the development of the contemporary society, the western public sector began to set off a upsurge of “new public administration”, which changed the paradigm of the field of public administration from “the new public management” to “the new public governance”. “The new public governance” as a new paradigm of public administration, provided not only a new research framework for theory research, but also a new mode of practice for the modern government of public affairs management. This article reviewed the content and characteristics contribution and problems, as well as the reference and revelation of “the new public governance” paradigm, and it had important reference value and significance especially for deepening China’s current reform of administrative system and building the theory system of public management and public administration

A novel recombinant pseudorabies virus expressing parvovirus VP2 gene: Immunogenicity and protective efficacy in swine

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Porcine parvovirus (PPV) VP2 gene has been successfully expressed in many expression systems resulting in self-assembly of virus-like particles (VLPs) with similar morphology to the native capsid. Here, a pseudorabies virus (PRV) system was adopted to express the PPV VP2 gene.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A recombinant PRV SA215/VP2 was obtained by homologous recombination between the vector PRV viral DNA and a transfer plasmid. Then recombinant virus was purified with plaque purification, and its identity confirmed by PCR amplification, Western blot and indirect immunofluorescence (IFA) analyses. Electronic microscopy of PRV SA215/VP2 confirmed self-assembly of both pseudorabies virus and VLPs from VP2 protein.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Immunization of piglets with recombinant virus elicited PRV-specific and PPV-specific humoral immune responses and provided complete protection against a lethal dose of PRV challenges. Gilts immunized with recombinant viruses induced PPV-specific antibodies, and significantly reduced the mortality rate of (1 of 28) following virulent PPV challenge compared with the control (7 of 31). Furthermore, PPV virus DNA was not detected in the fetuses of recombinant virus immunized gilts.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>In this study, a recombinant PRV SA215/VP2 virus expressing PPV VP2 protein was constructed using PRV SA215 vector. The safety, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy of the recombinant virus were demonstrated in piglets and primiparous gilts. This recombinant PRV SA215/VP2 represents a suitable candidate for the development of a bivalent vaccine against both PRV and PPV infection.</p

Influence of attapulgite addition on the biological performance and microbial communities of submerged dynamic membrane bioreactor

A submerged dynamic membrane bioreactor (sDMBR) was developed to test the influence of attapulgite (AT) addition on the treatment performances and the microbial community structure and function. The batch experimental results displayed the highest UV254 and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal efficiencies with 5% AT/mixed liquid suspended solids addition dosage. The continuous sDMBR results showed that the removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand, NH4+-N, total nitrogen and total phosphorus significantly increased in the AT added sDMBR. Excitation emission matrix analysis demonstrated that the protein-like peaks and fulvic acid-like peaks were significantly decreased in both in the mixed liquid and the effluent of the AT added reactor. The obligate anaerobes were observed in the sDMBR with AT addition, such as Bacteroidetes and Gamma proteobacterium in the dynamic membrane, which played an important role in the process of sludge granulation. Bacterial community richness significantly increased after AT addition with predominated phyla of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes. Similarly, species abundance significantly increased in the AT added sDMBR. Further investigations with cluster proved that AT was a favorite biological carrier for the microbial ecology, which enriched microbial abundance and community diversity of the sDMBR

Reconstruction and prediction of capillary pressure curve based on Particle Swarm Optimization-Back Propagation Neural Network method

Capillary pressure curve plays a critical role in the reservoir evaluation. It is essential to reconstruct and predict capillary pressure curve properly. Many traditional capillary pressure correlations have been suggested in the literature. However, their major limitation is mainly applicable to homogenous reservoir, and the larger error will be caused when heterogeneous reservoir is dealt by using these mathematical correlations. This study aims at providing an important method based on Particle Swarm Optimization-Back Propagation Neural Network (PSO-BP neural network) to represent and predict capillary pressure curve for homogenous and heterogeneous reservoir. The combination of PSO algorithm and BP neural network converges quickly, which improves the accuracy and efficiency of simulation. In this paper, core samples from three blocks of the same marine-sand reservoir, whose porosity is between 0.6% and 20.0% and permeability is between 0.1mD and 6117mD, are investigated by PSO-BP neural network method and J-Function method respectively. The reconstruction and prediction results are compared with the results obtained by mercury intrusion method in laboratory. The results show that capillary pressure curves reconstructed and predicted by PSO-BP neural network method are in better agreement with mercury intrusion curves than J-Function method, with 0.1%–5% and 5%–8% relative error respectively, which can totally meet the in-situ requirements. It is also demonstrated that PSO-BP neural network method is more suitable for homogenous and heterogeneous reservoir. Keywords: Capillary pressure curve, Homogenous reservoir, Heterogeneous reservoir, PSO-BP neural network, Mercury intrusio

Sex differences in alarm response and predation risk in the fresh water snail Pomacea canaliculata

Many animals show alarm responses (ARs) to chemical cues released from predators or injured conspecifics. However, the prey often makes a trade-off between predation avoidance and reproduction, resulting in pronounced sex differences in AR and in sex-biased predation. This phenomenon has rarely been investigated in snails. The freshwater snail Pomacea canaliculata is reported to exhibit an AR to chemical cues released from predators or injured conspecifics. Here, we investigate the sex differences in AR in the snail to chemical cues released from its predator turtle Chinemys reevesii and injured conspecifics. By exposing adult females and males of equivalent size to turtles, we also evaluate the sex-biased predation in the snail. We find that females respond to chemical cues significantly more strongly than males. The predation experiment shows that more females survived than males after a week of predation. These results suggest that males may reduce their antipredator behaviour in order to increase the chance of mating, suggesting a trade-off between predation avoidance and reproduction

Enrichment types and hydrocarbon composition characteristics of shale oil in the northern part of Dongpu Sag, Bohai Bay Basin: a case study of the third member of Paleogene Shahejie Formation of well Wen 410

To reveal the oil-bearing characteristics and hydrocarbon composition of shale oils in the third member of Shahejie Formation in the northern part of Dongpu Sag, Bohai Bay Basin, analysis and testing were carried out by the means of frozen-craching followed by pyrolysis, 3D quantitative fluorescence test, GC-MS and thin section observation. Two shale oil enrichment types including interlayer type and fracture type are mainly developed in the third member of Shahejie Formation of well Wen 410. The hydrocarbon mainly occurres in inter-granular pores and micro-fractures, and effective pore-fracture combination is the key to the efficient enrichment of shale oil. The hydrocarbon composition of rock extracts is mainly characterized by n-alkanes with low carbon numbers, and the regular steranes of C27-C28-C29 show a V-shaped distribution, reflecting that the sources of organic matter are mainly terrestrial higher plants and lower aquatic organisms. The high content of gammacerane and the low Pr/Ph ratio indicate that the sedimentary environment in this area is mainly a saline reducing environment. C3122S/(22S+22R), Ts/(Ts+Tm), C29ααα20S/(20S+20R), C29ββ/(αα+ββ) and other biomarker parameters indicate that the source rocks are at mature stage

A Study on the Psychological Field Model of Drivers in Traffic Conflict Environments

Most current traffic safety evaluations using traffic conflict techniques are based on the principles of vehicle dynamics and kinematics. In these evaluations, a lack of consideration of the coupling mechanism among drivers, road users and the road environment leads to a large limitation in the practical application of such evaluations. In this paper, we firstly considered the driver characteristics in traffic conflicts and introduced the electric field model to establish the psychological field model of a driver in a conflict environment and to obtain the psychological field strength of the driver. Secondly, based on the classification criteria of traffic conflict severity, the psychological field strengths of drivers in different traffic conflict scenarios were categorized, and the range values of psychological field strengths of different severity levels were obtained. Finally, the analysis of the experimental results showed that the mean value and standard deviation of the drivers’ mental field strengths were the largest in the opposite-direction conflict, indicating the largest dispersion of the field strengths; in the construction conflict, the mean value and standard deviation of the drivers’ mental field strengths were the smallest, indicating the smallest dispersion of the field strengths

CD38 Enhances TLR9 Expression and Activates NLRP3 Inflammasome after Porcine Parvovirus Infection

(1) Background: Porcine Parvovirus (PPV) is a single-stranded DNA virus without envelope which causes great harm in relation to porcine reproductive disorders in clinic. Cluster of Differentiation 38 (CD38) is a transmembrane protein widely existing in mammals. Its various functions make it a very popular research object, including in the viral infection field. (2) Methods: Western blotting and an EdU Cell Proliferation Kit were used to evaluate the effect of CD38-deficient cells. Relative quantitative real-time RT-PCR was used to detect the transcription levels of cytokines after PPV infection. The renilla luciferase reporter gene assay was used to verify the activation function of CD38 on downstream factors. The fluorescence probe method was used to detect the level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). (3) Results: This study found that the loss of CD38 function inhibited the up-regulated state of Toll-like Receptor 9 (TLR9), Interferon-&alpha; (IFN-&alpha;), and Myxovirus Resistance 1 (Mx1) after PPV infection. The luminescence of the group transfected with both CD38 expression plasmid and TLR9 promoter renilla luciferase reporter plasmid was significantly up-regulated compared with the control, suggesting that CD38 may activate the promoter of TLR9. In addition, CD38 deficiency not only activated the transcription of Sirtuin-1 (SIRT1), but also inhibited ROS level and the transcription of NLR Family Pyrin Domain Containing 3 (NLRP3). (4) Conclusion: (i) CD38 may participate in the TLR9/IFN-&alpha;/Mx1 pathway by activating the expression of TLR9 after PPV infected PK-15 cells; (ii) CD38 may activate the NLRP3/CASP1 pathway by increasing ROS level; (iii) CD38 deficiency activates the expression of SIRT1 and can prevent the normal proliferation of PPV

BAK-Mediated Pyroptosis Promotes Japanese Encephalitis Virus Proliferation in Porcine Kidney 15 Cells

As a zoonotic virus, Japanese Encephalitis virus (JEV) poses a serious threat to human health and the breeding industry. Regarding the mechanism and complications of tissue inflammation caused by JEV, such as encephalitis and orchitis, there is no effective drug treatment currently, and the mechanism of occurrence has not been thoroughly studied. Therefore, it is necessary to study the mechanism of the inflammatory pathway caused by JEV. As one of the key proteins regulating cell death, BCL2 antagonist/killer (BAK) is also a necessary prerequisite for the release of cellular inflammatory factors. We found that after JEV infection, BAK-knockdown cells died less than normal cells, and the transcription levels of inflammatory factors such as TNF, IFNα, and IL-1β and their corresponding regulatory genes were also significantly reduced. By further verifying protein expression on the cell death pathway, it was found that pyroptotic activation and virus titer were also significantly reduced in BAK.KD cells, suggesting that JEV proliferation might be related to BAK-induced cell death. From our data, we could conclude that JEV utilized the BAK-promoted pyroptotic pathway to release more virions after the final Gasdermin D-N (GSDMD-N) protein pore formation for the purpose of JEV proliferation. Therefore, the study of the endogenous cell death activator protein BAK and the final release pathway of JEV, is expected to provide some new theoretical basis for future research on the screening of targeted drugs for the treatment of inflammatory diseases caused by JEV