Face Normals “in-the-wild” using Fully Convolutional Networks

Leftward twisting of the embryonic chick brain subjected to surface tension in an abnormal chick embryo with a leftward looped hear

Supplementary Figure S1 from How the embryonic chick brain twists

Measurement of the torsional angle from the OCT image

Supplementary Movies and Figure Legends from How the embryonic chick brain twists

During early development, the tubular embryonic chick brain undergoes a combination of progressive ventral bending and rightward torsion, one of the earliest organ-level left-right asymmetry events in development. Existing evidence suggests that bending is caused by differential growth, but the mechanism for the predominantly rightward torsion of the embryonic brain tube remains poorly understood. Here, we show through a combination of <i>in vitro</i> experiments, a physical model of the embryonic morphology and mechanics analysis that the vitelline membrane (VM) exerts an external load on the brain that drives torsion. Our theoretical analysis showed that the force is of the order of 10 micronewtons. We also designed an experiment to use fluid surface tension to replace the mechanical role of the VM, and the estimated magnitude of the force owing to surface tension was shown to be consistent with the above theoretical analysis. We further discovered that the asymmetry of the looping heart determines the chirality of the twisted brain via physical mechanisms, demonstrating the mechanical transfer of left-right asymmetry between organs. Our experiments also implied that brain flexure is a necessary condition for torsion. Our work clarifies the mechanical origin of torsion and the development of left-right asymmetry in the early embryonic brain

Ti₃C₂T_<i>x</i> MXene Nanosheet-Functionalized Leathers for Versatile Wearable Electronics

Flexible and multifunctional wearable electronics have attracted widespread attention. Herein, a flexible and multifunctional wearable MXene/leather fabricated by a simple vacuum filtration process has been reported. The fabricated MXene/leathers retain the unique thinness (∼1 mm) and breathability of the leather, which contributes to its comfort as wearable electronic devices. In addition, benefiting from the high-efficiency three-dimensional conductive network formed by the tight wrapping of collagen fiber bundles by MXene nanosheets inside the leather, MXene/leather exhibited excellent mechanical properties (Young’s modulus of 9.64 MPa) and conductivity (24.6 Ω sq–1). MXene/leather also has outstanding efficiency in electric-thermal conversion, which can be used as a flexible resistive heater to intelligently regulate the temperature of different parts of the human body at low driven voltages. Moreover, the flexible pressure sensor based on MXene/leather possesses a high sensitivity of 33.58 kPa–1, which can match the human finger pressure over a wide range without apparent deterioration. The MXene/leather-based pressure sensor can be assembled with a mechanical claw to simulate human skin for tactile recognition of object size and softness in a nondestructive manner. Finally, the MXene/leather-based triboelectric nanogenerator can not only be integrated with alternative current electroluminescence to construct a flexible display system but also monitor the human body’s movements to evaluate the health condition by harvesting mechanical energy from body movement. The MXene/leathers proposed have the potential to serve as a new versatile platform for the development of next-generation multifunctional wearable electronics

Ti₃C₂T_<i>x</i> MXene Nanosheet-Functionalized Leathers for Versatile Wearable Electronics

Flexible and multifunctional wearable electronics have attracted widespread attention. Herein, a flexible and multifunctional wearable MXene/leather fabricated by a simple vacuum filtration process has been reported. The fabricated MXene/leathers retain the unique thinness (∼1 mm) and breathability of the leather, which contributes to its comfort as wearable electronic devices. In addition, benefiting from the high-efficiency three-dimensional conductive network formed by the tight wrapping of collagen fiber bundles by MXene nanosheets inside the leather, MXene/leather exhibited excellent mechanical properties (Young’s modulus of 9.64 MPa) and conductivity (24.6 Ω sq–1). MXene/leather also has outstanding efficiency in electric-thermal conversion, which can be used as a flexible resistive heater to intelligently regulate the temperature of different parts of the human body at low driven voltages. Moreover, the flexible pressure sensor based on MXene/leather possesses a high sensitivity of 33.58 kPa–1, which can match the human finger pressure over a wide range without apparent deterioration. The MXene/leather-based pressure sensor can be assembled with a mechanical claw to simulate human skin for tactile recognition of object size and softness in a nondestructive manner. Finally, the MXene/leather-based triboelectric nanogenerator can not only be integrated with alternative current electroluminescence to construct a flexible display system but also monitor the human body’s movements to evaluate the health condition by harvesting mechanical energy from body movement. The MXene/leathers proposed have the potential to serve as a new versatile platform for the development of next-generation multifunctional wearable electronics

Ti₃C₂T_<i>x</i> MXene Nanosheet-Functionalized Leathers for Versatile Wearable Electronics

Flexible and multifunctional wearable electronics have attracted widespread attention. Herein, a flexible and multifunctional wearable MXene/leather fabricated by a simple vacuum filtration process has been reported. The fabricated MXene/leathers retain the unique thinness (∼1 mm) and breathability of the leather, which contributes to its comfort as wearable electronic devices. In addition, benefiting from the high-efficiency three-dimensional conductive network formed by the tight wrapping of collagen fiber bundles by MXene nanosheets inside the leather, MXene/leather exhibited excellent mechanical properties (Young’s modulus of 9.64 MPa) and conductivity (24.6 Ω sq–1). MXene/leather also has outstanding efficiency in electric-thermal conversion, which can be used as a flexible resistive heater to intelligently regulate the temperature of different parts of the human body at low driven voltages. Moreover, the flexible pressure sensor based on MXene/leather possesses a high sensitivity of 33.58 kPa–1, which can match the human finger pressure over a wide range without apparent deterioration. The MXene/leather-based pressure sensor can be assembled with a mechanical claw to simulate human skin for tactile recognition of object size and softness in a nondestructive manner. Finally, the MXene/leather-based triboelectric nanogenerator can not only be integrated with alternative current electroluminescence to construct a flexible display system but also monitor the human body’s movements to evaluate the health condition by harvesting mechanical energy from body movement. The MXene/leathers proposed have the potential to serve as a new versatile platform for the development of next-generation multifunctional wearable electronics

Ti₃C₂T_<i>x</i> MXene Nanosheet-Functionalized Leathers for Versatile Wearable Electronics

Flexible and multifunctional wearable electronics have attracted widespread attention. Herein, a flexible and multifunctional wearable MXene/leather fabricated by a simple vacuum filtration process has been reported. The fabricated MXene/leathers retain the unique thinness (∼1 mm) and breathability of the leather, which contributes to its comfort as wearable electronic devices. In addition, benefiting from the high-efficiency three-dimensional conductive network formed by the tight wrapping of collagen fiber bundles by MXene nanosheets inside the leather, MXene/leather exhibited excellent mechanical properties (Young’s modulus of 9.64 MPa) and conductivity (24.6 Ω sq–1). MXene/leather also has outstanding efficiency in electric-thermal conversion, which can be used as a flexible resistive heater to intelligently regulate the temperature of different parts of the human body at low driven voltages. Moreover, the flexible pressure sensor based on MXene/leather possesses a high sensitivity of 33.58 kPa–1, which can match the human finger pressure over a wide range without apparent deterioration. The MXene/leather-based pressure sensor can be assembled with a mechanical claw to simulate human skin for tactile recognition of object size and softness in a nondestructive manner. Finally, the MXene/leather-based triboelectric nanogenerator can not only be integrated with alternative current electroluminescence to construct a flexible display system but also monitor the human body’s movements to evaluate the health condition by harvesting mechanical energy from body movement. The MXene/leathers proposed have the potential to serve as a new versatile platform for the development of next-generation multifunctional wearable electronics

Ti₃C₂T_<i>x</i> MXene Nanosheet-Functionalized Leathers for Versatile Wearable Electronics

Flexible and multifunctional wearable electronics have attracted widespread attention. Herein, a flexible and multifunctional wearable MXene/leather fabricated by a simple vacuum filtration process has been reported. The fabricated MXene/leathers retain the unique thinness (∼1 mm) and breathability of the leather, which contributes to its comfort as wearable electronic devices. In addition, benefiting from the high-efficiency three-dimensional conductive network formed by the tight wrapping of collagen fiber bundles by MXene nanosheets inside the leather, MXene/leather exhibited excellent mechanical properties (Young’s modulus of 9.64 MPa) and conductivity (24.6 Ω sq–1). MXene/leather also has outstanding efficiency in electric-thermal conversion, which can be used as a flexible resistive heater to intelligently regulate the temperature of different parts of the human body at low driven voltages. Moreover, the flexible pressure sensor based on MXene/leather possesses a high sensitivity of 33.58 kPa–1, which can match the human finger pressure over a wide range without apparent deterioration. The MXene/leather-based pressure sensor can be assembled with a mechanical claw to simulate human skin for tactile recognition of object size and softness in a nondestructive manner. Finally, the MXene/leather-based triboelectric nanogenerator can not only be integrated with alternative current electroluminescence to construct a flexible display system but also monitor the human body’s movements to evaluate the health condition by harvesting mechanical energy from body movement. The MXene/leathers proposed have the potential to serve as a new versatile platform for the development of next-generation multifunctional wearable electronics

Ti₃C₂T_<i>x</i> MXene Nanosheet-Functionalized Leathers for Versatile Wearable Electronics

Flexible and multifunctional wearable electronics have attracted widespread attention. Herein, a flexible and multifunctional wearable MXene/leather fabricated by a simple vacuum filtration process has been reported. The fabricated MXene/leathers retain the unique thinness (∼1 mm) and breathability of the leather, which contributes to its comfort as wearable electronic devices. In addition, benefiting from the high-efficiency three-dimensional conductive network formed by the tight wrapping of collagen fiber bundles by MXene nanosheets inside the leather, MXene/leather exhibited excellent mechanical properties (Young’s modulus of 9.64 MPa) and conductivity (24.6 Ω sq–1). MXene/leather also has outstanding efficiency in electric-thermal conversion, which can be used as a flexible resistive heater to intelligently regulate the temperature of different parts of the human body at low driven voltages. Moreover, the flexible pressure sensor based on MXene/leather possesses a high sensitivity of 33.58 kPa–1, which can match the human finger pressure over a wide range without apparent deterioration. The MXene/leather-based pressure sensor can be assembled with a mechanical claw to simulate human skin for tactile recognition of object size and softness in a nondestructive manner. Finally, the MXene/leather-based triboelectric nanogenerator can not only be integrated with alternative current electroluminescence to construct a flexible display system but also monitor the human body’s movements to evaluate the health condition by harvesting mechanical energy from body movement. The MXene/leathers proposed have the potential to serve as a new versatile platform for the development of next-generation multifunctional wearable electronics

Ti₃C₂T_<i>x</i> MXene Nanosheet-Functionalized Leathers for Versatile Wearable Electronics

Flexible and multifunctional wearable electronics have attracted widespread attention. Herein, a flexible and multifunctional wearable MXene/leather fabricated by a simple vacuum filtration process has been reported. The fabricated MXene/leathers retain the unique thinness (∼1 mm) and breathability of the leather, which contributes to its comfort as wearable electronic devices. In addition, benefiting from the high-efficiency three-dimensional conductive network formed by the tight wrapping of collagen fiber bundles by MXene nanosheets inside the leather, MXene/leather exhibited excellent mechanical properties (Young’s modulus of 9.64 MPa) and conductivity (24.6 Ω sq–1). MXene/leather also has outstanding efficiency in electric-thermal conversion, which can be used as a flexible resistive heater to intelligently regulate the temperature of different parts of the human body at low driven voltages. Moreover, the flexible pressure sensor based on MXene/leather possesses a high sensitivity of 33.58 kPa–1, which can match the human finger pressure over a wide range without apparent deterioration. The MXene/leather-based pressure sensor can be assembled with a mechanical claw to simulate human skin for tactile recognition of object size and softness in a nondestructive manner. Finally, the MXene/leather-based triboelectric nanogenerator can not only be integrated with alternative current electroluminescence to construct a flexible display system but also monitor the human body’s movements to evaluate the health condition by harvesting mechanical energy from body movement. The MXene/leathers proposed have the potential to serve as a new versatile platform for the development of next-generation multifunctional wearable electronics