Data-free Black-box Attack based on Diffusion Model

Since the training data for the target model in a data-free black-box attack is not available, most recent schemes utilize GANs to generate data for training substitute model. However, these GANs-based schemes suffer from low training efficiency as the generator needs to be retrained for each target model during the substitute training process, as well as low generation quality. To overcome these limitations, we consider utilizing the diffusion model to generate data, and propose a data-free black-box attack scheme based on diffusion model to improve the efficiency and accuracy of substitute training. Despite the data generated by the diffusion model exhibits high quality, it presents diverse domain distributions and contains many samples that do not meet the discriminative criteria of the target model. To further facilitate the diffusion model to generate data suitable for the target model, we propose a Latent Code Augmentation (LCA) method to guide the diffusion model in generating data. With the guidance of LCA, the data generated by the diffusion model not only meets the discriminative criteria of the target model but also exhibits high diversity. By utilizing this data, it is possible to train substitute model that closely resemble the target model more efficiently. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our LCA achieves higher attack success rates and requires fewer query budgets compared to GANs-based schemes for different target models

The effect of combination therapy of allicin and fenofibrate on high fat diet-induced vascular endothelium dysfunction and liver damage in rats

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>It is designed to investigate the effects of combination therapy of allicin and fenofibrate on the endothelial and liver functions in rats with hyperlipidemia.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The healthy male Wistar rats fed high fat diet were treated with fenofibrate (80 mg/kg per day) alone, allicin (60 mg/kg per day) alone and a lower dasage of combined therapy (allicin 20 mg/kg per day and fenofibrate 30 mg/kg per day) respectively for 8 weeks. The serum levels of cholesterol, triglyceride, nitrogen oxidative, alanine transferase (ALT) and aspartate transferase (AST) were determined. Acetylcholine-induced endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation (EDVR) of aorta rings was tested, and the morphologic changes of liver tissue were observed.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Compared with high fat diet control, fenofibrate alone or the combined therapy increased remarkably the levels of high density lipoprotein respectively (P < 0.05). Both single and combined therapy of fenofibrate and allicin significantly enhanced the levels of NO (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05), but the combined therapy had greatest high EDVR responses (P < 0.01). Furthermore, the reduced levels of ALT and AST were significantly obvious in the combined therapy groups (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05). In addition, the lower dosage of combined therapy significantly ameliorated severe fatty degeneration of liver cells occurred in the high fat diet fed rat although the single fenofibrate treatment showed spotty necrosis of liver cells and bile duct expansion.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Combination therapy with allicin and fenofibrate can effectively enhance the protective effects on endothelial function and reduce the hepatic damage in rats with hyperlipidemia.</p

ISLR interacts with MGAT5 to promote the malignant progression of human gastric cancer AGS cells

Objective(s): Gastric cancer is a common malignant tumor with high morbidity and mortality. The present study aimed to investigate the role of the immunoglobulin superfamily containing leucine-rich repeat (ISLR) gene in gastric cancer and examine whether ISLR could interact with N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V (MGAT5) to affect the malignant progression of gastric cancer. Materials and Methods: The expression of ISLR and MGAT5 in human normal gastric epithelial cells and human gastric cancer cells, and the transfection efficiency of ISLR interference plasmids and MGAT5 overexpression plasmids were all detected by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and western blot. The viability, proliferation, migration and invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of gastric cancer cells after indicated transfection were detected by Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, 5-ethynyl-2’-deoxyuridine (EdU) staining, wound healing assay, and transwell assay. The interaction between ISLR and MGAT5 was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation. The expression of proteins related to migration, invasion, and EMT was detected by immunofluorescence and western blot.Results: As a result, ISLR was highly expressed in gastric cancer and was associated with poor prognosis. Interference with ISLR inhibited the viability, proliferation, migration, invasion, and EMT of gastric cancer cells. ISLR interacted with MGAT5 in gastric cancer cells. MGAT5 overexpression weakened the effects of ISLR knockdown on suppressing the viability, proliferation, migration, invasion, and EMT of gastric cancer cells.Conclusion: ISLR interacted with MGAT5 to promote the malignant progression of gastric cancer

Nonhomogeneous fractional p-Kirchhoff problems involving a critical nonlinearity

This paper is concerned with the existence of solutions for a kind of nonhomogeneous critical $p$-Kirchhoff type problem driven by an integro-differential operator $\mathcal{L}^{p}_{K}$. In particular, we investigate the equation: \begin{align*} \mathcal{M}\left(\iint_{\mathbb{R}^{2n}}\frac{|v(x)-v(y)|^{p}}{|x-y|^{n+ps}}dxdy\right) \mathcal{L}^{p}_{K}v(x)=\mu g(x)|v|^{q-2}v+|v|^{p_{s}^{*}-2}v+\mu f(x) \quad\mbox{in}~\mathbb{R}^{n}, \end{align*} where $g(x)>0$, and $f(x)$ may change sign, $\mu>0$ is a real parameter, $0ps$, $1<q<p<p_{s}^{*}$, $p_{s}^{*}=\frac{np}{n-ps}$ is the critical exponent of the fractional Sobolev space $W^{s,p}_{K}(\mathbb{R}^{n}).$ By exploiting Ekeland's variational principle, we show the existence of non-trivial solutions. The main feature and difficulty of this paper is the fact that $\mathcal{M}$ may be zero and lack of compactness at critical level $L^{p_{s}^{*}}(\mathbb{R}^{n})$. Our conclusions improve the related results on this topic

Nonhomogeneous fractional p-Kirchhoff problems involving a critical nonlinearity

This paper is concerned with the existence of solutions for a kind of nonhomogeneous critical p-Kirchhoff type problem driven by an integro-differential operator L p K . In particular, we investigate the equation: M �ZZ R2n |v(x) − v(y)| p |x − y| n+ps dxdy� L p K v(x) = µg(x)|v| q−2 v + |v| p s −2 v + µ f(x) in R n where g(x) > 0, and f(x) may change sign, µ > 0 is a real parameter, 0 ps, 1 < q < p < p s , p s = np n−ps is the critical exponent of the fractional Sobolev space W s,p K (Rn ). By exploiting Ekeland’s variational principle, we show the existence of non-trivial solutions. The main feature and difficulty of this paper is the fact that M may be zero and lack of compactness at critical level L p s (Rn Our conclusions improve the related results on this topic