Transmittance spectra at different number of periods values.

(a-d) The number of periods is N = 3, N = 4, N = 5, N = 6, respectively.</p

Electric field distribution of the optical fractal states in the transmission spectrum with different number of periods.

(a-d) The number of periods is N = 3, N = 4, N = 5, N = 6, respectively.</p

Fig 7 -

(a) The transmittance in the parameter space composed of temperature and normalized frequency. (b) The transmittance in the parameter space composed of pressure and normalized frequency. (c) The transmittance spectra corresponding to the external static pressures of P = 10 GPa, 11 GPa, and 12 GPa, respectively.</p

Number of channels with different thickness of dielectric slab <i>C</i>.

Number of channels with different thickness of dielectric slab C.</p

Schematic diagram of the one-dimensional distributed feedback Bragg photonic crystal structure (<i>AB</i>)^<i>N</i><i>C</i>(<i>BA</i>)^<i>N</i>, with <i>N =</i> 3.

Schematic diagram of the one-dimensional distributed feedback Bragg photonic crystal structure (AB)NC(BA)N, with N = 3.</p

Transmittance spectra with different initial thickness of dielectric slab <i>C</i>.

(a-d) The initial thickness is set to dco = 3dao, dco = 9dao, dco = 27dao, dco = 81dao, respectively.</p

Electric field distribution of the optical fractal states in the transmission spectrum with different initial thickness of dielectric slab <i>C</i>.

(a-d) The initial thickness is set to dco = 3dao, dco = 9dao, dco = 27dao, dco = 81dao, respectively.</p

S1 Data -

We studied the optical fractal effect of the one-dimensional distributed feedback Bragg photonic crystals formed by semiconductor GaAs and dielectric TiO2. Light wave is transmitted in the intermediate dielectric slab and reflected back by the periodic photonic crystals at both ends, forming multiple fractal resonance output. The transmission channels expand exponentially by thickening the bulk in a cryogenic environment. The quality factor of each fractal resonant state improves with a greater periodic number of crystals. Furthermore, central wave of resonance has a blue-shift as the external pressure increases, while the influence of environment temperature on the fractal resonance could be ignored. It is hoped that our study can highlight the potential of these findings for designing multi-channel communication filters in cryogenic environments.</div

Fig 3 -

(a) The quality factor of the channel C1 varying with the number of periods. (b) The central wavelength of the channel C1 varying with the number of periods.</p

<i>Atg5</i>- and <i>Atg7</i>-dependent autophagy in dopaminergic neurons regulates cellular and behavioral responses to morphine

<p>The molecular basis of chronic morphine exposure remains unknown. In this study, we hypothesized that macroautophagy/autophagy of dopaminergic neurons would mediate the alterations of neuronal dendritic morphology and behavioral responses induced by morphine. Chronic morphine exposure caused <i>Atg5</i> (autophagy-related 5)- and <i>Atg7</i> (autophagy-related 7)-dependent and dopaminergic neuron-specific autophagy resulting in decreased neuron dendritic spines and the onset of addictive behaviors. In cultured primary midbrain neurons, morphine treatment significantly reduced total dendritic length and complexity, and this effect could be reversed by knockdown of <i>Atg5</i> or <i>Atg7</i>. Mice deficient for <i>Atg5</i> or <i>Atg7</i> specifically in the dopaminergic neurons were less sensitive to developing a morphine reward response, behavioral sensitization, analgesic tolerance and physical dependence compared to wild-type mice. Taken together, our findings suggested that the <i>Atg5</i>- and <i>Atg7</i>-dependent autophagy of dopaminergic neurons contributed to cellular and behavioral responses to morphine and may have implications for the future treatment of drug addiction.</p