Species ranges and cladistic phylogeny among the <i>Prosiphneus</i> in the Neogene China.

<p>Most of the species ranges are approximate. The first lower molars are scaled to their approximate relative size and the Fig also shows the m1 evolutionary trends of <i>Prosiphneus</i> especially on the heightening of the crown and lateral dentine tracts.</p

Scatter diagram of the measurements of M1 (left) and m1 (right) of <i>Prosiphneus</i> and “<i>Pliosiphneus</i>” <i>lyratus</i>.

<p>a, <i>Prosiphneus</i> cf. <i>P</i>. <i>eriksoni</i>, Zanda, Tibet; b, <i>P</i>. <i>qiui</i>, Amuwusu, Nei Mongol; c, <i>P</i>. <i>haoi</i>, Qin’an, Gansu; d, <i>P</i>. <i>licenti</i>, Qin’an, Gansu; e, <i>P</i>. <i>tianzuensis</i>, Tianzhu, Gansu; f, <i>Prosiphneus</i> cf. <i>P</i>. <i>eriksoni</i>, Kunlun Pass, Qinghai; g, <i>P</i>. <i>licenti</i>, Qingyang, Gansu; h, <i>P</i>. <i>murinus</i>, Yushe, Shanxi; i, “<i>Pliosiphneus</i>” <i>lyratus</i>, Yushe; j, <i>Prosiphneus</i> cf. <i>P</i>. <i>eriksoni</i>, Bilike, Nei Mongol; k, <i>P</i>. <i>eriksoni</i>, Ertemte, Nei Mongol.</p

Geographic distribution of the main localities of the fossil and extant zokors.

<p>Green line–extant (referred from website of IUCN, <a href="http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/14116/0" target="_blank">http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/14116/0</a>, /14118/0, /14119/0, /14120/0, /14121/0, and /14122/0, accessed on Dec. 11^th, 2014); yellow shadow and black circles–fossils (based on Zheng, 1994). Red arrow shows a potential dispersal way of the <i>Prosipheus</i> from its center of origin in north China and Mongolian Plateau to the Zanda Basin of southwestern Tibetan Plateau, possibly via the Hol Xil-Qiangtang hinterland in northern Tibet.</p

Molars of <i>Prosiphneus eriksoni</i> from loc. ZD1001, Zanda, Tibet.

<p>A. right M1, V 18032.2; B. right M2, V 18032.3; C. right M2, V 18032.6; D. right M2, V 18032.7; E. left M3, V 18032.10; F. left M3, V 18032.11; G. left m1, V 18032.13; H, left m1, V 18032.14; I, left m1, V 18032.15; J. right m1, V 18032.17; K. left m2, V 18032.19; L. left m2, V 18032.20; M. left m3, V 18032.25. A1-M1, occlusal view; A2-F2, labial view, G2-M2, lingual view, showing the dentine tracts.</p

Comparison of the dentine tract measurements of M1 (right) and m1 (left) of <i>Prosiphneus</i>.

<p>1, <i>P</i>. <i>qiui</i>, Amuwusu; 2, <i>P</i>. <i>haoi</i>, Qin’an; 3, <i>P</i>. <i>licenti</i>, Qingyang; 4, <i>P</i>. <i>murinus</i>, Yushe; 5, <i>P</i>. <i>tianzuensis</i>, Tianzhu; 6and 8 <i>P</i>. <i>eriksoni</i>, 6, Ertemte; 8, Zanda; 7and 9, <i>Prosiphneus</i> cf. <i>P</i>. <i>eriksoni</i>: 7, Bilike; 9, Kunlun Pass. 1–6, data cited from Zheng et al. (2004: Tables <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0144993#pone.0144993.t001" target="_blank">1</a> and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0144993#pone.0144993.t002" target="_blank">2</a>); 7, remeasured and 8, 9 measured by authors.</p

Simulation of different levels of drug effectiveness in different compartments.

<p>Note: The numbers in parentheses represent the results in LNs and those not in parentheses represent the results in PB.</p>*<p>indicates the absence of second peak. Here , , and BTT is day 0.</p

Simulation of different BTTs.

<p>Note: The numbers in parentheses represent the results in LNs and those not in parentheses represent the results in PB. Here , .</p

Simulation of different levels of drug efficiency.

<p>Note: The numbers in parentheses are the results in LNs and those not in parentheses are the results in PB.</p>*<p>indicates that the second peak was absent. Here , and BTT is day 0.</p

Daily death of T4 cells in PB and LNs.

<p>The daily death of infected and uninfected T4 cells in PB (A and B) and LNs (C and D), during the first 80 days (A and C) and from day 80 to day 6000 (B and D).</p

Global model dynamics.

<p>Three compartments, peripheral blood (PB), lymph nodes (LNs), and the central nervous system (CNS) are considered in this model. Interactions between different compartments took place mainly between PB and LNs and took the form of the migration of healthy, latently infected, and activated monocytes/macrophages and viral particles. Note that the migration of viral particles is bidirectional, but that of monocytes/macrophages is unidirectional. CNS is only considered with respect to the emergence and replication of mutant HIV-1 that could supplement the PB virus. All the variables shown in the Figure are detailed in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0046026#pone-0046026-t006" target="_blank">Table 6</a>.</p