Newton-Cartan Gravity and Torsion

We compare the gauging of the Bargmann algebra, for the case of arbitrary torsion, with the result that one obtains from a null-reduction of General Relativity. Whereas the two procedures lead to the same result for Newton-Cartan geometry with arbitrary torsion, the null-reduction of the Einstein equations necessarily leads to Newton-Cartan gravity with zero torsion. We show, for three space-time dimensions, how Newton-Cartan gravity with arbitrary torsion can be obtained by starting from a Schroedinger field theory with dynamical exponent z=2 for a complex compensating scalar and next coupling this field theory to a z=2 Schroedinger geometry with arbitrary torsion. The latter theory can be obtained from either a gauging of the Schroedinger algebra, for arbitrary torsion, or from a null-reduction of conformal gravity.Comment: 21 page

RT-PCR and western blot detection of 50L under drug treatments.

<p>(A) RT-PCR analysis of RGV 50L gene following treatments with CHX or AraC. Lane 1: CHX-treated uninfected at 6 h p.i.; lane 2: CHX-treated RGV-infected at 6 h p.i.; lane 3: RGV-infected at 6 h p.i.; lane 4: AraC-treated uninfected at 48 h p.i.; lane 5: AraC-treated RGV-infected at 48 h p.i.; lane 6: RGV-infected at 48 h p.i.; and DNA markers are indicated. Every sample was detected by RT-PCR using primers of 50L, dUTPase, MCP, respectively. β-actin gene was used as an internal control. (B) Western blot analysis of RGV 50L expression following treatments with CHX or AraC. Protein samples from described in (A) were analyzed by western blot analysis, and β-actin was detected under the same conditions as an internal control. Protein markers were indicated.</p

Multiple sequence alignment of 50L homologues in iridoviruses.

<p>RGV, <i>Rana grylio</i> virus; STIV, soft-shelled turtle iridovirus; CMTV, common midwife toad ranavirus; EHNV, epizootic hematopoietic necrosis virus; ATV, <i>Ambystoma tigrinum</i> virus; TFV, tiger frog virus; FV3, frog virus 3; RRV, Regina ranavirus; GIV, grouper iridovirus; SGIV, Singapore grouper iridovirus; LCDV-1, lymphocystis disease virus 1; LCDV-C, lymphocystis disease virus-China. The completely conserved amino acid residues are indicated by a black background, while the grey background are partially conserved residues with greater than 80% identity, and key amino acid residues in SAP domain are indicated by colorful backgrounds. Conserved motifs are shown by rectangles and labeled as Repeated Sequence, NLS motif and SAP domain above the alignment, respectively. Gaps (dashes) were introduced to maximize the alignment.</p

Immuno-fluorescence localization of 50L during RGV-infection.

<p>EPC cells were infected with 1 M.O.I. of ΔTK-RGV for 6, 8, 10, 12 and 24 h, and fixed, permeabilized and stained with anti-RGV 50L serum and RRX-conjugated anti-mouse antibody, followed by Hoechst 33342. Mock-infected cells were used as a negative control. Red fluorescence showed the localization of the fusion protein (RRX), green fluorescence showed the virus infected cells (EGFP), the cell nuclei were shown by Hoechst 33342 (Hoechst 33342), and the merged photos were also listed (Merge). The arrows indicated viral matrices. Magnification ×100 (oil-immersion objective).</p

Summary of the putative post translational modifications in 50L protein.

<p>Summary of the putative post translational modifications in 50L protein.</p

Comparisons of RGV 50L with its homologues in other iridoviruses.

<p>Comparisons of RGV 50L with its homologues in other iridoviruses.</p

Detection of full-length or truncated NS80 by Western blotting.

<p>A. Diagram of NS80 N-terminal truncations. The two predicted coil and intercoil regions are indicated. Full-length (742) or truncated fragments (Δ55–Δ614) were fused with FLAG tags and then inserted into the pcDNA3.1 vector. C, cytoplasmic; N, nucleus. B, C, D, E. Western blot analysis of expression products of full-length and truncated NS80 in cells transfected with anti-FLAG antibodies. Full-length or N-terminal truncated NS80 is indicated at the top of the figure. The detections (B, C, and D) were carried out using 12% SDS-PAGE and the detections (E) were carried out using 15% SDS-PAGE.</p

Effect of 50L over-expression on mRNA level of RGV <i>53R</i>.

<p>EPC cells were transfected with pcDNA3.1 or pcDNA3.1-50L. Then, after 24 h, the transfectants were mock-infected or infected by 1 M.O.I. of RGV respectively. Total RNAs were extracted at 24 and 36 h p.i. mRNA level of RGV <i>53R</i> gene was detected by qRT-PCR. Relative quantities for each sample were expressed as N-fold changes in target gene expression relative to the same gene target in the calibrator sample, and normalized to the β-actin gene. The values represent averages of three independent experiments, with the range indicated (±SD). The significant differences between control and treatments groups are determined by T-TEST. *p<0.001.</p

Summary of N-terminal truncations of NS80.

<p>C: cytoplasm.</p><p>N: nucleus.</p><p>•: located in the cytoplasm or nucleus.</p><p>○: not located in the cytoplasm or nucleus.</p><p>√: had coils or intercoil.</p><p>×: had no coils or intercoil.</p><p>+: interactions with other proteins.</p><p>−: no interactions with other proteins.</p><p>blank grid: not tested.</p

Diagram, summary, and immunofluorescence analysis of interactions between NS80 and the other nine viral proteins.

<p>A. Diagram and summary of interactions between NS80 and the nine viral proteins. “+” indicates that two proteins colocalized, and “−” indicates that two proteins were not colocalized. B. Immunofluorescence analysis of the nine viral proteins when expressed alone or with NS80. The nine viral proteins were expressed alone (lane on the left of the figure) or coexpressed with NS80 (the three lanes on the right of the figure). Green fluorescence indicated NS80. Red fluorescence indicated the other nine viral proteins. The nucleus was stained by Hoechst 33342 and presented as blue. NS80 colocalized with VP1, VP2, VP3, and VP4, and NS80 weakly colocalized with VP6. Bar  = 20 μm.</p