China CO2 emission accounts 2016–2017

Despite China’s emissions having plateaued in 2013, it is still the world’s leading energy consumer and CO2 emitter, accounting for approximately 30% of global emissions. Detailed CO2 emission inventories by energy and sector have great significance to China’s carbon policies as well as to achieving global climate change mitigation targets. This study constructs the most up-to-date CO2 emission inventories for China and its 30 provinces, as well as their energy inventories for the years 2016 and 2017. The newly compiled inventories provide key updates and supplements to our previous emission dataset for 1997–2015. Emissions are calculated based on IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) administrative territorial scope that covers all anthropogenic emissions generated within an administrative boundary due to energy consumption (i.e. energy-related emissions from 17 fossil fuel types) and industrial production (i.e. process-related emissions from cement production). The inventories are constructed for 47 economic sectors consistent with the national economic accounting system. The data can be used as inputs to climate and integrated assessment models and for analysis of emission patterns of China and its regions

Surgical Treatment of Benign Spinal Cord Tumors

Benign spinal cord tumors (SCTs) are uncommon neoplasms that can arise within or adjacent to the spinal cord. Depending on their anatomical location, benign SCTs can be categorized as intramedullary, intradural-extramedullary, and extradural. The three most common benign SCTs are meningioma, nerve sheath tumors, and ependymoma. Both meningioma and nerve sheath tumors develop in the intradural-extramedullary compartment, while ependymoma occurs in the intramedullary space. Spinal meningiomas derive from arachnoidal cells and most commonly occur within the thoracic segment of the spine. Nerve sheath tumors, including schwannomas and neurofibromas, are closely associated with spinal nerves. Half of the spinal cord ependymomas arise in the lumbosacral segment or the filum terminale. Surgical treatment of large or symptomatic benign SCTs concentrates on total or subtotal resection of the tumors, which should be cautiously individualized based on the tumor location and histopathology. A curable complete resection should be achieved if possible while preserving the nervous function of the spinal cord and minimizing potential complications. Thoracic spinal roots may be sacrificed to acquire a total resection, yet cervical and lumbar nerve roots should be preserved prudently. Due to the vulnerable and complex anatomic nature of the spinal cord, maximal resection of the tumors can be achieved with the aid of appropriate intraoperative neural monitoring and meanwhile preserve nervous function

Benzyl (E)-3-(2-methyl­benzyl­idene)dithio­carbazate

The title compound, C16H16N2S2, was obtained from the condensation reaction of benzyl dithio­carbazate and 2-methyl­benzaldehyde. The asymmetric unit contains two independent mol­ecules. In both mol­ecules, the methyl­phenyl ring and the dithio­carbazate fragment are located on opposite sides of the C=N bond, showing an E conformation. In each mol­ecule, the dithio­carbazate fragment is approximately planar, the r.m.s deviations being 0.018 and 0.025 Å. The mean plane of dithio­carbazate group is oriented at dihedral angles of 7.9 (3) and 68.24 (12)°, respectively, to the methyl­phenyl and phenyl rings in one mol­ecule, while the corresponding angles in the other mol­ecule are 10.9 (3) and 69.76 (16)°. Inter­molecular N—H⋯S hydrogen bonding occurs in the crystal structure to generate inversion dimers for both molecules

Benzyl (E)-3-(4-meth­oxy­benzyl­idene)dithio­carbazate

The title compound, C16H16N2OS2, was obtained from a condensation reaction of benzyl dithio­carbazate and 4-meth­oxy­benzaldehyde. In the mol­ecule, the meth­oxy­phenyl ring and dithio­carbazate fragment are located on opposite sides of the C=N double bond, showing an E configuration. The dithio­carbazate fragment is approximately planar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.0052 Å); its mean plane is oriented at dihedral angles of 8.19 (15) and 85.70 (13)°, respectively, to the meth­oxy­phenyl and phenyl rings. Inter­molecular N—H⋯S hydrogen bonds and weak C—H⋯π inter­actions are observed in the crystal structure

Benzyl (E)-3-(2-bromo-5-meth­oxy­benzyl­idene)dithio­carbazate

The title compound, C16H15BrN2OS2, was obtained from the condensation reaction of benzyl dithio­carbazate and 2-bromo-5-meth­oxy­lbenzaldehyde. In the mol­ecule, the bromo­meth­oxy­phenyl ring and dithio­carbazate fragment are located on the opposite sides of the C=N double bond, showing the E conformation. The dithio­carbazate fragment is approximately planar (r.m.s deviation 0.0187 Å); its mean plane is oriented with respect to the bromo­meth­oxy­phenyl and phenyl rings at 7.60 (12) and 60.08 (9)°, respectively. In the crystal, inversion dimers linked by pairs of N—H⋯S hydrogen bonds occur. A short Br⋯Br contact of 3.5526 (12) Å is observed in the crystal structure

On the Universal Adversarial Perturbations for Efficient Data-free Adversarial Detection

Detecting adversarial samples that are carefully crafted to fool the model is a critical step to socially-secure applications. However, existing adversarial detection methods require access to sufficient training data, which brings noteworthy concerns regarding privacy leakage and generalizability. In this work, we validate that the adversarial sample generated by attack algorithms is strongly related to a specific vector in the high-dimensional inputs. Such vectors, namely UAPs (Universal Adversarial Perturbations), can be calculated without original training data. Based on this discovery, we propose a data-agnostic adversarial detection framework, which induces different responses between normal and adversarial samples to UAPs. Experimental results show that our method achieves competitive detection performance on various text classification tasks, and maintains an equivalent time consumption to normal inference.Comment: Accepted by ACL2023 (Short Paper

Assessment to China's Recent Emission Pattern Shifts

Abstract Energy and emission data are crucial to climate change research and mitigation efforts. The accuracy of energy statistics is essential for mitigation strategies and evaluating the performance of low carbon energy transition efforts. This study provides the most up‐to‐date emission inventories for China and its provinces for 2018 and 2019. We also update the carbon dioxide (CO2) emission inventories of China and 30 provinces since 2012 based on the newly revised energy statistics. The inventories are compiled in a combined accounting approach of scope 1 (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change territorial emissions from 17 types of fossil fuel combustion and cement production by 47 socioeconomic sectors) and scope 2 (emissions from purchased electricity and heat consumption). The most recent energy revision led to an increase in reported national CO2 emissions by an average of 0.3% from 2014 to 2017. The results show that data revisions raised China's carbon intensity mitigation baseline (in 2005) by 5.1%–10.8% and thus made it more challenging to fulfill the mitigation pledges. However, the 2020 carbon intensity mitigation target was achieved ahead of schedule in 2018. A preliminary estimate of China's national emissions for 2020 shows that the COVID‐19 pandemic and lockdown was not able to offset China's annual increase in CO2 emissions. These emissions inventories provide an improved evidence base for China's policies toward net‐zero emissions

Benzyl 3-[(E)-1-(pyrazin-2-yl)ethyl­idene]dithio­carbazate

The title compound, C14H14N4S2, was obtained from a condensation reaction of benzyl dithio­carbazate and acetyl­pyrazine. The asymmetric unit contains two independent mol­ecules, in each of which the pyrazine ring and dithio­carbazate unit are approximately co-planar, the r.m.s. deviations being 0.0304 and 0.0418 Å. The mean plane is oriented with respect to the benzene ring at 49.22 (4)° in one mol­ecule and at 69.76 (7)° in the other. In the crystal, the mol­ecules are linked to each other via inter­molecular N—H⋯S hydrogen bonds, forming centrosymmetric supra­molecular dimers

Benzyl 3-[(E)-2-nitro­benzyl­idene]dithio­carbazate

The title compound, C15H13N3O2S2, was obtained from a condensation reaction of benzyl dithio­carbazate and 2-nitro­benzaldehyde. In the mol­ecule, the nearly planar dithio­carbazate fragment [r.m.s deviation = 0.0264 Å] is oriented at dihedral angles of 7.25 (17) and 74.09 (9)°with respect to the two benzene rings. The nitro group is twisted by a dihedral angle of 22.4 (7)° to the attached benzene ring. The nitro­benzene ring and dithio­carbazate fragment are located on the opposite sides of the C=N bond, showing an E configuration. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked via inter­molecular N—H⋯S hydrogen bonds, forming centrosymmetric supra­molecular dimers. Weak C—H⋯π inter­action is also observed in the crystal structure