63 research outputs found

    Data_Sheet_1_Dietary Deoxynivalenol Contamination and Oral Lipopolysaccharide Challenge Alters the Cecal Microbiota of Broiler Chickens.PDF

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    <p>Dietary deoxynivalenol (DON) impairs the intestinal functions and performance in broiler chickens, whereas little is known about the effect of DON on the gastrointestinal microbiota. This study evaluated the impact of graded levels of dietary DON contamination on the cecal bacterial microbiota, their predicted metabolic abilities and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) profiles in chickens. In using a single oral lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge we further assessed whether an additional intestinal stressor would potentiate DON-related effects on the cecal microbiota. Eighty 1-day-old chicks were fed diets with increasing DON concentrations (0, 2.5, 5, and 10 mg DON per kg diet) for 5 weeks and were sampled after half of the chickens received an oral LPS challenge (1 mg LPS/kg bodyweight) 1 day before sampling. The bacterial composition was investigated by Illumina MiSeq sequencing of the V3–5 region of the 16S rRNA gene. DON-feeding decreased (p < 0.05) the cecal species richness (Chao1) and evenness (Shannon) compared to the non-contaminated diet. The phyla Firmicutes and Proteobacteria tended to linearly increase and decrease with increasing DON-concentrations, respectively. Within the Firmicutes, DON decreased the relative abundance of Oscillospira, Clostridiaceae genus, Clostridium, and Ruminococcaceae genus 2 (p < 0.05), whereas it increased Clostridiales genus 2 (p < 0.05). Moreover, increasing DON levels linearly decreased a high-abundance Enterobacteriaceae genus and an Escherichia/Shigella-OTU (p < 0.05). Changes in the bacterial composition and their imputed metagenomic capabilities may be explained by DON-related changes in host physiology and cecal nutrient availability. The oral LPS challenge only decreased the abundance of an unassigned Clostridiales genus 2 (p = 0.03). Increasing dietary concentrations of DON quadratically increased the cecal total SCFA and butyrate concentration (p < 0.05), whereas a DON × LPS interaction indicated that LPS mainly increased cecal total SCFA, butyrate, and acetate concentrations in chickens fed the diets that were not contaminated with DON. The present findings showed that even the lowest level of dietary DON contamination had modulatory effects on chicken's cecal bacterial microbiota composition and diversity, whereas the additional oral challenge with LPS did not potentiate DON effects on the cecal bacterial composition.</p

    The concentrations of P pertaining to <i>myo-</i>inositol tri- to hexakisphosphate (InsP<sub>3</sub>-P, InsP<sub>4</sub>-P, InsP<sub>5</sub>-P, and InsP<sub>6</sub>-P) and to the sum of them (total InsP-P) in untreated barley (control) or barley soaked in increasing concentrations of lactic acid at room temperature in 22°C (LA) or oven-heated at 55°C (LA-H).

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    <p>Data are shown as least square means ± standard error of the mean (n = 3). For InsP<sub>3</sub>-P: all contrasts <i>P</i>>0.10; for InsP<sub>4</sub>-P: control vs. LA <i>P</i> = 0.50, control vs. LA-H <i>P</i> = 0.030, LA vs. LA-H <i>P</i> = 0.097; for InsP<sub>5</sub>-P: control vs. LA <i>P</i> = 0.10, control vs. LA-H <i>P</i><0.001, LA vs. LA-H <i>P</i> = 0.006; for InsP<sub>6</sub>-P: control vs. LA <i>P</i><0.001, control vs. LA-H <i>P</i><0.001, LA vs. LA-H <i>P</i><0.001; for the sum of InsP-P: control vs. LA <i>P</i><0.001, control vs. LA-H <i>P</i><0.001, LA vs. LA-H <i>P</i> = 0.055.</p

    Changes in concentrations of resistant starch (RS) and non-resistant starch (NRS) of untreated barley (Control) or barley soaked in increasing concentrations of lactic acid at room temperature in 22°C (LA) or oven-heated at 55°C (LA-H).

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    <p>Data are shown as least square means ± standard error of the mean (n = 3). LA and LA-H effects on RS: Control vs. LA <i>P</i> = 0.006, Control vs. LA-H <i>P</i> = 0.202, LA vs. LA-H <i>P</i> = 0.049; LA and LA-H effects on RS relative to total starch: Control vs. LA <i>P</i> = 0.006, Control vs. LA-H <i>P</i> = 0.186, LA vs. LA-H <i>P</i> = 0.051; LA and LA-H effects on NRS: Control vs. LA <i>P</i><0.001, Control vs. LA-H <i>P</i><0.001, LA vs. LA-H <i>P</i> = 0.033.</p

    Nutrient composition of native barley (CON) or barley steeped in various concentrations of lactic acid at room temperature at 22°C (LA) or oven-heated at 55°C (LA-H).

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    1<p>SEM = standard error of the mean (n = 3).</p>2<p>DM = dry matter, NDF = neutral detergent fiber, ADF = acid detergent fiber, HC = hemicelluloses (NDF – ADF), P = total phosphorus.</p>3<p>Contrasts, 1 = Control vs. LA, 2 = Control vs. LA-H, 3 = LA (1 and 5%) vs. LA-H (1 and 5%+oven-heating).</p

    Concentrations of various isomers of <i>myo-</i>inositol triphosphate (InsP<sub>3</sub>) and tetraphosphate (InsP<sub>4</sub>) in untreated barley grain (control) or barley grain soaked in increasing concentrations of lactic acid at room temperature in 22°C (LA) or oven-heated at 55°C (LA-H).

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    <p>Data are shown as least square means (n = 3). Isomers exceeding a concentration of 1 µmol/g dry matter were quantified (area labeled in red color); isomers having concentrations between 0.5 to 1 µmol/g dry matter (detection limit and measurement threshold, respectively) were detected but could not be quantified (area labeled in yellow color); are below detection limit of these isomers is shown in white color (<0.5 µmol/g dry matter).</p

    Serum amino acids, biogenic amines, and sum of hexoses in cows with low (n = 10), medium (n = 8), and high (n = 12) fat mobilization after calving.

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    <p>Serum amino acids, biogenic amines, and sum of hexoses in cows with low (n = 10), medium (n = 8), and high (n = 12) fat mobilization after calving.</p

    Concentrations of lysophosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylcholines and sphingomyelins in the serum of cows differing in the degree of lipolysis and parity.

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    <p>Concentrations of lysophosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylcholines and sphingomyelins in the serum of cows differing in the degree of lipolysis and parity.</p

    Changes in <i>myo</i>-inositol hexakisphosphate (InsP<sub>6</sub>-P) and the sum of InsP<sub>3</sub>-P to InsP<sub>6</sub>-P (total InsP-P) relative to total phosphorus of untreated barley (control) or barley soaked in increasing concentrations of lactic acid at room temperature in 22°C (LA) or oven-heated at 55°C (LA-H).

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    <p>Data are shown as least square means ± standard error of the mean (n = 3). LA and LA-H effects on InsP<sub>6</sub>-P: Control vs. LA <i>P</i><0.01, Control vs. LA-H <i>P</i><0.001, LA vs. LA-H <i>P</i> = 0.012; LA and LA-H effects on total InsP-P: Control vs. LA <i>P</i><0.01, Control vs. LA-H <i>P</i><0.001, LA vs. LA-H <i>P</i> = 0.14.</p

    Alterations of the Lipid Metabolome in Dairy Cows Experiencing Excessive Lipolysis Early Postpartum

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    <div><p>A decrease in insulin sensitivity enhances adipose tissue lipolysis helping early lactation cows counteracting their energy deficit. However, excessive lipolysis poses serious health risks for cows, and its underlying mechanisms are not clearly understood. The present study used targeted ESI-LC-MS/MS-based metabolomics and indirect insulin sensitivity measurements to evaluate metabolic alterations in the serum of dairy cows of various parities experiencing variable lipolysis early postpartum. Thirty (12 primiparous and 18 multiparous) cows of Holstein Friesian and Simmental breeds, fed the same diet and kept under the same management conditions, were sampled at d 21 postpartum and classified as low (n = 10), medium (n = 8), and high (n = 12) lipolysis groups, based on serum concentration of nonesterified fatty acids. Overall, excessive lipolysis in the high group came along with impaired estimated insulin sensitivity and characteristic shifts in acylcarnitine, sphingomyelin, phosphatidylcholine and lysophospholipid metabolome profiles compared to the low group. From the detected phosphatidylcholines mainly those with diacyl-residues showed differences among lipolysis groups. Furthermore, more than half of the detected sphingomyelins were increased in cows experiencing high lipomobilization. Additionally, strong differences in serum acylcarnitines were noticed among lipolysis groups. The study suggests an altered serum phospholipidome in dairy cows associated with an increase in certain long-chain sphingomyelins and the progression of disturbed insulin function. In conclusion, the present study revealed 37 key metabolites as part of alterations in the synthesis or breakdown of sphingolipids and phospholipids associated with lowered estimated insulin sensitivity and excessive lipolysis in early-lactating cows.</p></div
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