Spawning frequencies and breeding seasons of some freshwater fishes with special reference to those occurring in the plains of northern India

It is well known that the differences in the spawning behaviour of teleosts can to a certain extent be illustrated on the basis of the condition revealed by • the unspawned eggs in the ovary (Heidrich, 1925; Clark, 1925, 1934; Hickling and Rutenberg, 1936). Many studies on the ova diameter frequencies have been undertaken during recent years and in almost all cases it has been accepted that species which have all the ovarian eggs of similar size spawn them together whereas those which have a wide range in oocyte sizes may have several groups of eggs matured and shed periodically during the breeding seaso

Attitudes and practices of postgraduate medical trainees towards research--a snapshot from Faisalabad

Objective: To assess the attitudes and practices of postgraduate medical trainees towards research.Methods: It was a self-administered questionnaire based cross-sectional survey conducted on 55 conveniently selected trainees in Allied Hospital, Faisalabad.Results: Only 11 trainees read journals monthly, seven had written an article for a journal, 51 regarded reading literature important, 39 intended to engage in future research and 37 said they received inappropriate research training. The major reasons cited for poor research activity in Pakistan were poor research training and awareness.CONCLUSION: Though the attitudes towards research were positive, they were deficient practically in terms of reading and writing literature. There is an immediate need to improve research training in our educational institutes to facilitate the development of the local literature both in terms of research utilization and productio

The genetics associated with Primary Congenital Glaucoma

Glaucoma is a progressive optic neuropathy; increased intraocular pressure (IOP) is a modifiable risk factor for primary congenital glaucoma (PCG). Increase IOP causes retinal and optic nerve compression and leads to gradual and irreversible loss of eyesight if left untreated. It is the second most leading cause of blindness. PCG mainly affects children up to the age of three years, and symptoms include epiphora, photalgia, swollen eyes, opaque corneas, blepharospasm, rupture in the retina and ocular nerve damage due to IOP. Early detection, management, and treatment are the keys to preventing vision loss from glaucoma. Many mutations have been discovered in Cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1) gene to be responsible for causing PCG, and there are still a lot of mutations to be discovered. In this review, we will discuss the genetic aspects of PCG and the most frequent mutations responsible for PCG in Pakistani children. PCG can be handled by decreasing IOP either by medication or by surgery. Genetic counselling plays a significant role in the establishment of proper management of PCG.Keywords: Primary Congenital Glaucoma; IOP; Cyp1b1; Mutation

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Not AvailableIt is well known that the differences in the spawning behaviour of teleosts can to a certain extent be illustrated on the basis of the condition revealed by • the unspawned eggs in the ovary (Heidrich, 1925; Clark, 1925, 1934; Hickling and Rutenberg, 1936). Many studies on the ova diameter frequencies have been undertaken during recent years and in almost all cases it has been accepted that species which have all the ovarian eggs of similar size spawn them together whereas those which have a wide range in oocyte sizes may have several groups of eggs matured and shed periodically during the breeding seasonNot Availabl

Behavior of the Indian murrel, Ophicephalus punctatus, during Brood care

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Studies on the Biology of Some Freshwater Fishes. Parts I & Ii

Volume: 61Start Page: 74End Page: 9

Studies on the Biology of Some Freshwater Fishes. Part Iii.-Callichrous Bimaculatus (Bloch)

Volume: 61Start Page: 627End Page: 65