Extraction Of Phenolic Compounds From Pepper-rosmarin (lippia Sidoides Cham.) Leaves By Sequential Extraction In Fixed Bed Extractor Using Supercritical Co2, Ethanol And Water As Solvents

Extraction of bioactive compounds requires frequent changes in the extraction techniques due to the quality requirements in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. The compounds of the polyphenolic family represent an important group of bioactive compounds in food, and are present in various types of plants, including Lippia sidoides Cham., also known as pepper-rosmarin, an aromatic plant with therapeutic properties. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the sequential extraction (in fixed bed and high pressure) of bioactive compounds from L. sidoides leaves, using supercritical carbon dioxide, ethanol, and water as solvents and, compare the global yield, total phenolics, total flavonoids, and antioxidant activity of extracts obtained from sequential extraction with the extracts obtained by one-step extraction in fixed bed (high pressure) and by conventional extraction. The results showed that the combination of extraction processes is an effective method to obtain extracts with different compositions and functionalities. Overall, the ethanolic extraction in fixed bed and the three-step sequential extraction showed the best results in terms of global yield, and content and yield of total phenolics and flavonoids. The ethanol extracts exhibited the best antioxidant activity, which may be related to the presence of phenolic compounds

Fractionated Extraction Of Saponins From Brazilian Ginseng By Sequential Process Using Supercritical Co2, Ethanol And Water

Saponins are surfactants that reduce the surface tension of aqueous solutions, besides having pharmacological actions. In order to extract and fractionate saponins from Pfaffia glomerata roots and Hebanthe eriantha roots using supercritical technology, fractionated extracts were obtained from a sequential process in fixed bed using supercritical CO2 (scCO 2), ethanol, and water as solvents. All extractions were carried out in four sequential steps, at 50 °C and 300 bar. In the first step, pure scCO2 was used as solvent, while (a) scCO2/etanol (70:30, w/w); (b) ethanol, and (c) ethanol/water (70:30, v/v) were used as solvents in the three subsequent steps. The extracts were analyzed by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and surface tension. The extraction yields of the four steps were 0.16, 0.55, 1.00, and 6.90% for P. glomerata roots, and 0.17, 0.58, 0.89, and 28% for H. eriantha roots, showing a predominance of high polarity compounds in these species. TLC analysis showed that the extraction process was selective according to the polarity of the solvent, and provided extracts containing different saponins, except for scCO2 extraction. The extracts from the extraction using ethanol + scCO2 (Step 2) showed the greatest ability to reduce the surface tension of water from 72 mN m -1 (pure water) to 25 mN m-1, suggesting that this step was the best for extraction of less polar saponins in the extracts. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) values were approximately 2 and 8 g L-1 for P. glomerata and H. Eriantha, respectively. 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Extraction Of Phenolic Compounds From Pitanga (eugenia Uniflora L.) Leaves By Sequential Extraction In Fixed Bed Extractor Using Supercritical Co 2, Ethanol And Water As Solvents

With the goal of maximizing the extraction yield of phenolic compounds from pitanga leaves (Eugenia uniflora L.), a sequential extraction in fixed bed was carried out in three steps at 60 C and 400 bar, using supercritical CO 2 (non-polar) as solvent in a first step, followed by ethanol (polarity: 5.2) and water (polarity: 9.0) in a second and third steps, respectively. All extracts were evaluated for global extraction yield, concentration and yield of both polyphenols and total flavonoids and antioxidant activity by DPPH method (in terms of EC50). The nature of the solvent significantly influenced the process, since the extraction yield increased with solvent polarity. The aqueous extracts presented higher global extraction yield (22%), followed by ethanolic (16%) and supercritical extracts (5%). 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CRC Press Boca RatonSingleton, V.L., Orthofer, R., Lamuela-Raventos, R.M., Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (1999) Methods in Enzymology, 299, pp. 152-178Zhishen, J., Mengcheng, T., Jianming, W., The determination of flavonoids contents in mulberry and their scavenging effects on superoxide radicals (1999) Food Chemistry, 64, pp. 555-559Mensor, L.L., Menezes, F.S., Leitão, G.G., Reis, A.S., Dos Santos, T.C., Coube, C.S., Leitão, S.G., Screening of Brazilian plant extracts for antioxidant activity by the use of DPPH free radical method (2001) Phytotherapy Research, 15, pp. 127-130Peixoto, C.A., Oliveira, A.L., Cabral, F.A., Composition of supercritical carbon dioxide extracts of pitanga (Eugenia uniflora L.) leaves (2010) Journal of Food Process Engineering, 33, pp. 848-860Morais, S.M., Craveiro, A.A., Machado, M.I.L., Alencar, J.W., Matos, J.A., Volatiles constituents of Eugenia uniflora leaf oil from northeastern Brazil (1996) Journal of Essential Oil Research, 8, pp. 449-451Gobbo-Neto, L., Lopes, N.P., Plantas medicinais: Fatores de influência no conteúdo de metabólitos secundários (2007) Química Nova, 30, pp. 374-381Paula, J.T., Paviani, L.C., Foglio, M.A., Sousa, I.M.O., Cabral, F.A., Extraction of anthocyanins from Arrabidaea chica in fixed bed using CO2 and CO2/ethanol/water mixtures as solvents (2013) Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 81, pp. 33-41Monteiro, J.M., De Albuquerque, U.P., De Lima Araújo, E., De Amorim, E.L.C., Taninos: Uma abordagem da química à ecologia (2005) Química Nova, 28, pp. 892-896Appel, H.M., Govenor, H.L., D'Ascenzo, M., Siska, E., Schultz, J.C., Limitations of Folin assays of foliar polyphenols in ecological studies (2001) Journal of Chemical Ecology, 27, pp. 761-778Moon, J.K., Shibamoto, T., Antioxidant assays for plant and food components (2009) Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 57, pp. 1655-1666De Campos, L.M.A.S., Leimann, F.V., Pedrosa, R.C., Ferreira, S.R.S., Free radical scavenging of grape pomace extracts from cabernet sauvignon (Vitis vinifera) (2008) Bioresource Technology, 99, pp. 8413-8421Molyneux, P., The use of the stable free radical diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) for estimating antioxidant activity (2004) Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology, 26, pp. 211-219Locatelli, M., Gindro, M., Travaglia, F., Soisson, J.-D., Rinaldi, M., Arlorio, M., Study of the DPPH-scavenging activity: Development of a free software for the correct interpretation of data (2009) Food Chemistry, 114, pp. 889-897Reynertson, K.A., Basile, M.J., Kennelly, E.J., Antioxidant potential of seven myrtaceous fruits (2005) Ethnobotany Research and Applications, 3, pp. 25-36Adams, R.P., (1995) Identification of Essential Oil Components by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry, p. 469. , Allured Publishing Corporation Carol Stream, Illinois, USAAdams, R.P., (2007) Identification of Essential Oil Components by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry, p. 804. , Allured Publishing Corporation Carol Stream, Illinois, USARodrigues, K.A., Amorim, L.V., De Oliveira, J.M.G., Dias, C.N., Moraes, D.F.C., De Andrade, E.H., Maia, J.G.S., Carvalho, F.A., Eugenia uniflora L. 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Comparison Of The Chemical Composition Of The Essential Oil And The Water Soluble Oil Of Baccharis Dracunculifolia Dc. (asteraceae)

This study aimed to evaluate the chemical composition of Baccharis dracunculifolia essential oil and the water soluble oil obtained by steam distillation that were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. In the first hour of distillation, B. dracunculifolia aerial parts yielded 0.08% oil and in the second hour, 0.27%. The oil recovered from the distillate water yielded 0.18 g/L in the first hour and 0.44 g/L in the second hour of distillation. The main volatile compounds identified in the distillate water were aromatic compounds and sesquiterpene alcohols. © 2008 Allured Publishing Corp.202111114Fagundes, M., Neves, F.S., Fernandes, G.W., Direct and indirect interactions involving ants, insect herbivores, parasitoids, and the host plant Baccharis dracunculifolia (Asteraceae) (2005) Ecol. Entomol, 30, pp. 28-35V. Bankova, G. Boudourova-Krasteva, J.M. Sforcin and S. Frete, Phytochemical evidence for the plant origin of Brazilian propolis from Sao Paulo state. Z. Naturlorschung C, 54, 401-405 (1999)Park, Y.K., Paredes-Guzman, J.F., Aguiar, C.L., Alencar, S.M., Fujiwara, F.Y., Chemical constituents in Baccharis dracunculifolia as the main botanical origin of southeastern Brazilian propolis (2004) J. Agric. Food Chem, 52, pp. 1100-1103Kumazawa, S., Yoneda, M., Shibata, I., Kanaeda, J., Hamasaka, T., Nakayama, T., Direct evidence for the plant origin of Brazilian propolis by the observation of honeybee behavior and phytochemical analysis (2003) Chem. Pharm. Bull, 51, pp. 740-742A.A. da Silva Filho, P.C.P. Bueno, L.E. Gregório, M.L.A. Silva, S.Albuquerque and J.K. Bastos. Comparative evaluation of in-vitro effects of Braziliangreen propolis and Baccharis dracunculifolia extracts on cariogenic factors of Streptococcus mutans. Biol. Pharm. Bull., 27, 1834-1839 (2004)da Silva Filho, A.A., Bueno, P.C.P., Gregório, L.E., Silva, M.L.A., Albuquerque, S., Bastos, J.K., In-vitro trypanocidal activity evaluation of crude extract and isolated compounds from Baccharisdracunculifolia DC. (Asteraceae) (2004) J. Pharm. Pharmacol, 56, pp. 1195-1199Park, Y.K., Alencar, S.M., Aguiar, C.L., Botanical origin and chimcal composition of brazilian propolis (2002) J. Agric. Food Chem, 50, pp. 2502-2506Mishima, S., Narita, Y., Chikamatsu, S., Inoh, Y., Ohta, S., Yoshida, C., Araki, Y., Nozawa, Y., Effects of propolis on cell growth and gene expression in HL-60 cells (2005) J. Ethnopharmacol, 99, pp. 5-11Sforcin, J.M., Fernandes Jr., A., Lopes, C.A.M., Bankova, V., Funari, S.R.C., Seasonal effect on Brazilian propolis antibacterial activity (2000) J. Ethnopharmacol, 73, pp. 243-249de Lima, R.O.A., Bazo, P., Said, R.A., Sforcin, J.M., Bankova, V., Darros, B.R., Salvadori, D.M.F., Modifying effect of propolis on dimethylhydrazineinduced DNA damage but no colonic aberrant crypt foci in rats (2002) Environ. MoI. Mutagenesis, 45, pp. 8-16L.M.Simões, L.E. Gregorio, A.A. da Silva Filho, M.L.deSouza.A.E.Azzolini and J. K. Bastos, Effect of Brazilian green propolis on the production of reactive oxygen species by stimulated neutrophils. J. Ethnopharmacol., 94, 59-65 (2004)Reis, C.M.F., Carvalho, J.C.T., Caputo, L.R.G., Patrício, K.C.M., Barbosa, M.V.J., Chieff, A.L., Bastos, J.K., Ativioade antiinflamató ria, anti-lcera gástrica e toxicidade subcrônica do extrato etanólico de própolis (2000) Braz. J. Pharmacog, 10, pp. 43-52J.M. Sforcin, R.O. Orsi and V. Bankova, Effect of propolis, some isolated compounds and its source plant on antibody production. J. Ethriopriarmacol., 98, 301-305 (2005)Queiroga, C.L., Fukai, A., Marsaioii, A.J., Composition of the Essential Oil of Vassoura (1990) J. Braz. Chem. Soc, 1, pp. 105-109Adams, R.P., (1995) loentification of essential oil components by gas chromatography ? mass spectrometry, , Allured Publ. Corp, Carol Stream, ILRicciardi, G.A.L., van Baren, C.M., di Leo Lira, P., Ricciardi, A.I.A., Lorenzo, D., Delacassa, E., Bandoni, A.L., Volatile constituents from aerial parts of Aloysia gratissima (Gillies & Hook.) Tronc, var. gratissima growing in Corrientes, Argentina (2006) Flav. Fragr. J, 21, pp. 698-70

Evaluation Of The Antiulcerogenic Activity Of Friedelan-3β-ol And Friedelin Isolated From Maytenus Ilicifolia (celastraceae)

An easy methodology for triterpene isolation is shown. Evaluation in rats for antiulcer activity of friedelan-3 β-ol 1 and friedelin 2. The two triterpenes isolated from the leaves of Maytenus ilicifolia, did not decrease gastric ulcers when tested on indometacine induced ulcer model in rats. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd.723465468Carvalho, M.G., Velandia, J.R., Oliveira, L.F., Bezerra, F.B., Triterpenos isolados de Eschweilera longipes Miers (Lecythidaceae) (1998) Química Nova, 21 (6), pp. 740-742Gamberini, M.T., Skorupa, L.A., Souccar, C., Lapa, A., Inhibition of gastric secretion by a water extract from Baccharis triptera, Mart. (1991) Memórias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 86, pp. 137-139Gottlieb, H.E., Ramaiah, P.A., Lavie, D., 13C NMR signal assignment of Friedelin and 3α-Hydroxyfriedelan-3-one (1985) Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry, 23 (8), pp. 616-619Itokawa, H., Shirota, O., Ikuta, H., Morita, H., Takeya, K., Iitaka, Y., Triterpenes from Maytenus ilicfolia (1991) Phytochemistry, 30 (11), pp. 3713-3716Mahato, S.B., Kundu, A.P., 13C NMR spectra of pentacyclic triterpenoids - A compilation and some salient features (1994) Phytochemistry, 37 (6), pp. 1517-1575Morimoto, Y., Shimohara, K., Oshima, S., Takayuki, S., Effects of the new anti-ulcer agent KB-5492 on experimental gastric mucosal lesions and gastric mucosal defensive factors, as compared to those of teprenone and cimetidine (1991) Japanese Journal of Pharmacology, 57, pp. 495-505Prakash, O., Roy, R., Garg, H.S., Bhakuni, D.S., 13C NMR studies of the friedelane series of triterpenoids and the conformation of the D and E rings in Friedelan-7-one (1987) Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry, 25, pp. 39-41Shirota, O., Morita, H., Takeya, K., Itokawa, H., Cytotoxic aromatic triterpenes from Maytenus ilicifolia and Maytenus chuchuhuasca (1994) Journal of Natural Products, 57 (12), pp. 1675-1681Souza-Formigoni, M.L.O., Oliveira, M.G.M., Monteiro, M.G., Silveira-Filho, N.G., Braz, S., Carlini, E.A., Antiulcerogenic effects of two Maytenus species in laboratory animals (1991) Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 34, pp. 21-27Vilegas, J.H.Y., Lanças, F.M., High resolution gas chromatography analysis of 'espinheira-santa' (Maytenus ilicifolia and Maytenus aquifolium): Analysis of crude drug adulterations (1994) Phytotherapy Research, 8, pp. 241-24

High-speed Countercurrent Chromatography As A Tool To Isolate Nerolidol From The Baccharis Dracunculifolia Volatile Oil

Baccharis dracunculifolia is a shrub native to Brazil and an important botanical source for propolis production. The essential oil from the leaves of B. dracunculifolia DC (Asteraceae), popularly known as broom oil, presents pharmacological activities and is a raw material in the perfumery and cosmetics industries. The isolation of its major constituent, nerolidol, to a high purity (92.5-93.7%) was possible through the countercurrent chromatography technique. The countercurrent chromatography biphasic solvent system chosen was a mixture of hexane:methanol:water (5:4:1, v/v/v). Isocratic elution was conducted in a tail-to-head manner. © 2014 Taylor & Francis.265334337Queiroga, C.L., Fukai, A., Marsaioli, A.J., Three new oxygenated cadinanes from Baccharis species (1990) J. Braz. Chem. Soc., 1, pp. 105-109Pereira, C.A., Da Costa, A.C.B.P., Machado, A.K.S., Beltrame Junior, M., Zöllner, M.S.A.C., Junqueira, J.C., Enzymatic activity sensitivity to antifungal drugs and Baccharis dracunculifolia essential oil by Candida strains isolated from the oral cavities of breastfeeding infants (2011) Mycopathologia, 171, pp. 103-109Massignani, J.J., Lemos, M., Maistro, E.L., Schafhauser, H.P., Jorge, R.F., Sousa, J.P.B., Bastos, J.K., De Andrade, S.F., Antiulcerogenic activity of the essential oil of Baccharis dracunculifolia on differen t experimental models in rats (2009) Phytother. Res., 23, pp. 1355-1360Parreira, N.A., Magalhães, L.G., Moraes, D.R., Caixeta, S.C., De Sousa, J.P.B., Bastos, J.K., Cunha, W.R., Da Silva Filho, A.A., Antiprotozoal schistosomicidal, and antimicrobial activities of the essential oil from the leaves of Baccharis dracunculifolia (2007) Chem. Biodivers., 7, pp. 993-1001Queiroga, C.L., Bastos, J.K., De Souza, J.P.B., De Magalhães, P.M., Comparison of the chemical c omposition of the essential oil and the water soluble oil of Baccharis dracunculifolia DC. (Asteraceae) (2008) J. Essent. Oil Res., 20, pp. 111-114Maróstica Júnior, M.R., Daugsch, A., Moraes, C.S., Queiroga, C.L., Pastore, G.M., Park, Y.K., Comparison of volatile and polyphenolic compounds in Brazilian green propolis and its botanical origin Baccharis dracunculifolia (2008) Ciěncia e Tecnologia de Alimentos, 28, pp. 178-181Martinez-Correa, H.A., Cabral, F.A., Magalhães, P.M., Queiroga, C.L., Godoy, A.T., Sánchez-Camargo, A.P., Paviani, L.C., Extracts from the leaves of Baccharis dracunculifolia obtained by a combination of ex traction processes with supercritical CO2, ethanol and water (2012) J. Supercrit. Fluids, 63, pp. 31-39Bauer, K., Garbe, D., Surburg, H., (1990) Common Fragrance and Flavor Materials Prepa Ration, Properties, and Uses, , VCH Publishers, New York, NYMcGinty, D., Letizia, C.S., Api, A.M., Review-Addendum to Fragrance material review on nerolidol (isomer unspecified) (2010) Food Chem. Toxicol., 48, pp. S43-S45Xie, J., Wang, S., Sun, B., Yto, I., Isolation and purification of nootkatone from the essential oil of fruits of Alpinia oxyphylla Miquel by high-speed counter-current chromatography (2009) Food Chem., 117, pp. 375-380Adams, R.P., (1995) Identification of Essential Oil Components by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry, , Allured Publishing Corp Carol Stream, I