Spectrophotometric Analysis of Vancomycin Hydrochloride in Pure and Pharmaceutical Injections via Batch and Cloud Point Extraction Techniques

تم تطوير تفاعل بسيط وحساس لتقدير هيدروكلوريد الفانكومايسين باستخدام طرائق الدفعة واستخلاص نقطة الغيمة (CPE)   وتعتمد الطريقة الأولى على تكوين صبغة الآزو الناتجة عن تفاعل اقتران الدابسون المؤزوت مع هيدروكلوريد الفانكومايسين في الوسط القاعدي وتم تطوير حساسية هذا التفاعل باستخدام المادة الفعالة غير الأيونية (Triton X-114) وبتقنية نقطة الغيمة. تمت إذابة صبغة الآزو المستخلصة في الطور الغني بمادة الشد السطحي في الإيثانول وقياسها طيفيًا عند الطول الموجي الاعظم 440 نانومتر. تم تقدير التفاعل باستخدام كل من الطرائق الدفعة وطريقةCPE  (أي مع الاستخلاص وبدونه) وتم إجراء مقارنة بسيطة بين الطريقتين. وقد درست جميع الظروف الكيميائية والفيزيائية لطريقتي الدُفعة والاستخلاص بنقطة الغيمة بعناية في ظل الظروف المثلى ، كانت مديات الخطية من 3 إلى 50 و 0.5-25 ميكروغرام. مل-1 لهيدروكلوريد الفانكومايسين بينما كانت حدود الكشف 0.806 و 0.462 ميكروغرام.مل-1 لطريقتي الدفعة و التحليل بالاستخلاص بنقطة الغيمة على التوالي. تمت مقارنة قيم الاستعادية التي تم الحصول عليها مع تلك التي تم الحصول عليها من تطبيق طريقة الأشعة فوق البنفسجية. استخدمت التفنيات المقترحة بفعالية عالية في تقدير الفانكومايسين في الحقن الصيدلانية.  Development of a precise and delicate reaction has been acquired for the determination of vancomycin hydrochloride using batch and cloud point extraction (CPE) methods. The first method is based on the formation of azo dye as a result of diazotized dapsone coupled with vancomycin HCl (VAN) in a basic medium. The sensitivity of this reaction was enhanced by utilizing a nonionic surfactant (Triton X-114) and the cloud point extraction technique (second method). The azo dye formed was extracted into the surfactant-rich phase, dissolved in ethanol and detected at λmax 440 nm spectrophotometrically. The reaction was investigated using both batch and CPE methods (with and without extraction), and a simple comparison between the two developed methods was made. The conditions that affect the extraction process and the sensitivity of the methods have been carefully examined. The linearity of the calibration curves was in the range of 3-50 and 0.5- 25 µg.mL-1 with limits of detection of 0.806 and 0.462 µg.mL-1 for VAN in both batch and CPE procedures, respectively. The percentage of relative standard deviation (R.S.D.%) for the two methods was better than 2.54% and 2.83%, respectively. The recommended procedures have been effectively used to assay VAN in commercial injections

MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES OF WATER QUALITY IN TIGRIS RIVER WITHIN BAGHDAD CITY

This study was conducted to assess the water quality of Tigris River within Baghdad city by using Weighted Arithmetic model. The studay area included five sites: Thiraa-Tigris (S1), Al-Muthana bridge (S2), Al-Shuhadaa bridge (S3), Al-Doraa (S4) and confluence point of the Diyala river (S5). Ten water quality parameters were used in this study, Total Hardness (TH), Calcium (Ca), Hydrogen Ion concentration (pH), Chloride (Cl), Magnesium (Mg), Nitrate (NO3), Sodium (Na), Boron (B), Turbidity (TUR) and Sulfate (SO4). Statistical analysis such as correlation and regression coefficient using the statistical program SPSS was used to evaluate the results of the water quality index as well as to find a relationship between the water quality index and the variables. Several statistical methods, Factor Analysis (FA), Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Discriminant Analysis (DA), and Time Series Analysis assess parameters affecting water quality during the study period (August-December) 2019. The results showed Poor to Unsuitable quality index in Tigris River at Baghdad city except for Al-Muthna Bridge (S2) was grade good quality index during the time. From the analysis, that the worst water quality index was found at confluence place of Diyala River (S5) and grade unsuitable quality index

Role Enhancement of ZnO nanoparticles and ZnO/Ag composite for Medical Applications

ZnO nanoparticles assisted with ethanol and 2propanol as capping agent investigated the medical activities of ZnO nanoparticles and ZnO/Ag composite. ZnO nanoparticles were prepared using zinc acetate and silver nitrate as a source of zinc and silver. ZnO/Ag composite also prepared and studied the medical activities. XRD pattern indicates that the structure of ZnO was hexagonal wurtzite with average size 5 nm according to Scherre's formula. The optical band gap of ZnO nanoparticle showed very sensitive for using different capping agent as shown in UV-VIS spectra and also showed blue shift in wavelength corresponding to capping agent. Finally, the antibacterial properties of ZnO and ZnO/Ag composite against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria have been demonstrated using well diffusion method and indentify their antibacterial effects compared with organic antibacterial agents. Keywords: ZnO nanoparticles, ZnO/Ag composite, antibacterial

Enhanced Expression of Autoantigens During SARS-CoV-2 Viral Infection

Immune homeostasis is disturbed during severe viral infections, which can lead to loss of tolerance to self-peptides and result in short- or long-term autoimmunity. Using publicly available transcriptomic datasets, we conducted an in-silico analyses to evaluate the expression levels of 52 autoantigens, known to be associated with 24 autoimmune diseases, during SAR-CoV-2 infection. Seven autoantigens (MPO, PRTN3, PADI4, IFIH1, TRIM21, PTPRN2, and TSHR) were upregulated in whole blood samples. MPO and TSHR were overexpressed in both lung autopsies and whole blood tissue and were associated with more severe COVID-19. Neutrophil activation derived autoantigens (MPO, PRTN3, and PADI4) were prominently increased in blood of both SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 viral infections, while TSHR and PTPRN2 autoantigens were specifically increased in SARS-CoV-2. Using single-cell dataset from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), we observed an upregulation of MPO, PRTN3, and PADI4 autoantigens within the low-density neutrophil subset. To validate our in-silico analysis, we measured plasma protein levels of two autoantigens, MPO and PRTN3, in severe and asymptomatic COVID-19. The protein levels of these two autoantigens were significantly upregulated in more severe COVID-19 infections. In conclusion, the immunopathology and severity of COVID-19 could result in transient autoimmune activation. Longitudinal follow-up studies of confirmed cases of COVID-19 could determine the enduring effects of viral infection including development of autoimmune disease

Neutrino Experiments: Status, Recent Progress, and Prospects

Neutrino physics has seen an explosion of activity and new results in the last decade. In this report the current state of the field is summarized, with a particular focus on progress in the last two years. Prospects for the near term (roughly 5 years) are also described.Comment: 14 pages, 10 figures, proceedings of plenary talk at EPS HEP 2007 Conference, Manchester, UK. Updated with citation added to Figure 1

Methotrexate polyglutamates as a potential marker of adherence to long-term therapy in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis and juvenile dermatomyositis:an observational, cross-sectional study

Introduction: Methotrexate (MTX) is a cornerstone of treatment in a wide variety of inflammatory conditions, including juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM). However, owing to its narrow therapeutic index and the considerable interpatient variability in clinical response, monitoring of adherence to MTX is important. The present study demonstrates the feasibility of using methotrexate polyglutamates (MTXPGs) as a biomarker to measure adherence to MTX treatment in children with JIA and JDM. Methods: Data were collected prospectively from a cohort of 48 children (median age 11.5 years) who received oral or subcutaneous (SC) MTX therapy for JIA or JDM. Dried blood spot samples were obtained from children by finger pick at the clinic or via self- or parent-led sampling at home, and they were analysed to determine the variability in MTXPG concentrations and assess adherence to MTX therapy. Results: Wide fluctuations in MTXPG total concentrations (>2.0-fold variations) were found in 17 patients receiving stable weekly doses of MTX, which is indicative of nonadherence or partial adherence to MTX therapy. Age (P = 0.026) and route of administration (P = 0.005) were the most important predictors of nonadherence to MTX treatment. In addition, the study showed that MTX dose and route of administration were significantly associated with variations in the distribution of MTXPG subtypes. Higher doses and SC administration of MTX produced higher levels of total MTXPGs and selective accumulation of longer-chain MTXPGs (P < 0.001 and P < 0.0001, respectively). Conclusions: Nonadherence to MTX therapy is a significant problem in children with JIA and JDM. The present study suggests that patients with inadequate adherence and/or intolerance to oral MTX may benefit from SC administration of the drug. The clinical utility of MTXPG levels to monitor and optimise adherence to MTX in children has been demonstrated. Trial registration: ISRCTN Registry identifier: ISRCTN93945409. Registered 2 December 2011

Experimental Comparative Study on the Performance of Single and Multi-Stage Dry Air Filters

An experimental study on the effect of filter types, relative humidity and using two stage filters on the weight efficiency and pressure drop across the filter was carried out, to complete the study a test rig is designed and built, the rig consist of three sections air duct, of 30 cm ×30 cm cross sectional area, with overall length of 220 cm. Six types of air filters are used in a single stage filters; namely spongy, polyester, synthetic one and two layer aluminum filters. A molten Aluminum powder dust (Type Aluxite No. 25, 98% less than 35 microns and 2% less than 10 microns) is used. In two stage filters study the bag filter is used as a secondary filter while the primary can be any type of the five filters mentioned above. The study shows that the spongy filters gives a maximum efficiency when is used as a single stage filter as compared with the other filters type. Increasing of working environment relative humidity improves the weight efficiency for both single and two stage filters. Two stage filters can improved the filtration process, it is found that the combination of spongy filter and bag filters give a maximum of weight efficiency of about 92% when the relative humidity equals to 90% . Space distance between two stage filters affect the weight efficiency, it is found that the best distance between the spongy filter and bag filter is between 15 to 20 cm

Nitrogen storage and use of biochemical indices to assess nitrogen deficiency and growth rate in natural plankton populations

Various newly developed indicators of N deficiency, physiological state (approximate growth rate), and N source for growth were measured during five cruises to Dabob Bay, Washington from early spring to summer. Although nitrate and ammonium in the surface layer were depleted early in the spring, the plankton populations never became extremely N deficient, as indicated by high intracellular amino acid/protein ratios. However, growth rates, estimated from protein/DNA or RNA/DNA ratios, were usually low unless nitrate concentrations were high or had recently been high, as indicated by large intracellular nitrate pools or high nitrate reductase activities. High growth rates were observed during the spring bloom or as a result of the sporadic supply of nitrate to the euphotic zone, which was inferred from measurements of biochemical indicators on several cruises after the spring bloom. The sporadic supply of nitrate could account for the lack of N deficiency in these populations and mask diel periodicity in N utilization. These results demonstrate that biochemical indicators can be easily measured in the field and that variations in indicators such as intracellular amino acid/protein, protein/DNA, RNA/DNA ratios, NR activities and intracellular nitrate concentrations are an aid in understanding plankton dynamics

Search for a Signal on QCD Critical Point in Central Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions

We discuss that the QCD critical point could appear in central collisions in percolation cluster. We suggest using the nuclear transparency effect and the one of the light nuclear production to identify the critical point.Comment: To appear in the proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Ultra-Relativistic Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions (QM2008), Jaipur, India, February 4-10, 200