79 research outputs found
Hydrogen peroxide in exhaled air is increased in stable asthmatic children
Exhaled air condensate provides a noninvasive means of obtaining samples
from the lower respiratory tract. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in exhaled air
has been proposed as a marker of airway inflammation. We hypothesized that
in stable asthmatic children the H2O2 concentration in exhaled air
condensate may be elevated as a result of airway inflammation. In a
cross-sectional study, 66 allergic asthmatic children (of whom, 41 were
treated with inhaled steroids) and 21 healthy controls exhaled through a
cold trap. The resulting condensate was examined fluorimetrically for the
presence of H2O2. All subjects were clinically stable, nonsmokers, without
infection. The median H2O2 level in the exhaled air condensate of the
asthmatic patients was significantly higher than in healthy controls (0.60
and 0.15 micromol, respectively; p<0.05), largely because of high values
in the stable asthmatic children who did not use anti-inflammatory
treatment (0.8 micromol; p<0.01 compared to controls). We conclude that
hydrogen peroxide is elevated in exhaled air condensate of children with
stable asthma, and may reflect airway inflammation
Flow-dependency of exhaled nitric oxide in children with asthma and cystic fibrosis
The concentration of nitric oxide in exhaled air, a marker of airway
inflammation, depends critically on the flow of exhalation. Therefore, the
aim of this study was to determine the effect of varying the flow on
end-expiratory NO concentration and NO output in children with asthma or
cystic fibrosis (CF) and in healthy children. Nineteen children with
stable asthma, 10 with CF, and 20 healthy children exhaled from TLC while
controlling expiratory flow by means of a biofeedback signal at
approximately 2, 5, 10 and 20% of their vital capacity per second. NO was
measured in exhaled air with a chemiluminescence analyser. Comparisons
between the three groups were made by analysing the NO concentration at
the endexpiratory plateau and by calculating NO output at different flows.
Exhaled NO decreased with increasing flow in all children. Children with
asthma had significantly higher NO concentrations than healthy children,
but only at the lowest flows. Asthmatics using inhaled steroids (n=13)
tended to have lower median exhaled NO than those without steroids. The
slope of linearized (log-log transformed) NO/flow plots was significantly
steeper in asthmatics than in healthy controls. CF patients had a
significantly lower NO concentration and output over the entire flow range
studied, compared to asthmatic and control subjects, with a similar
NO/flow slope as control subjects. In conclusion, the nitric oxide
concentration in exhaled air is highly flow-dependent, and the nitric
oxide-flow relationship differs between asthmatics versus cystic fibrosis
patients and control subjects. Assessment of the nitric oxide/flow
relationship may help in separating asthmatics from normal children
Off-line sampling of exhaled air for nitric oxide measurement in children: methodological aspects
Measurement of nitric oxide in exhaled air is a noninvasive method to
assess airway inflammation in asthma. This study was undertaken to
establish the reference range of exhaled NO in healthy school-aged
children and to determine the influence of ambient NO, noseclip and
breath-holding on exhaled NO, using an off-line balloon sampling method.
All children attending a primary school (age range 8-13 yrs) underwent NO
measurements on two occasions with high and low ambient NO. Each time, the
children performed four expiratory manoeuvres into NO-impermeable
balloons, with and without 10 s of breath-holding and with and without
wearing a noseclip. Exhalation flow and pressure were not controlled. NO
was measured within 4 h after collection, by means of chemiluminescence.
All children completed a questionnaire on respiratory and allergic
disorders, and performed flow/volume spirometry. With low ambient NO, the
mean exhaled NO value of 72 healthy children with negative questionnaires
and normal lung function was 5.1 +/- 0.2 parts per billion (ppb) versus a
mean of 6.8 +/- 0.3 ppb in the remaining 49 children with positive
questionnaires for asthma and allergy, and/or recent symptoms of cold
(p=0.001). Exhaled and ambient NO were significantly related, especially
with ambient NO > 10 ppb (r = 0.86, p=0.0001 versus r=0.34, p=0.004 for
ambient values <10 ppb). The use of a noseclip, with low ambient NO and
without breath-holding, caused a small decrease in exhaled NO values
(p=0.001). The effect of breath-holding on exhaled NO depended on ambient
NO. With ambient NO > 10 ppb, exhaled NO decreased, whereas with ambient
NO < 10 ppb, exhaled NO increased after 10 s breath-hold. It is concluded
that off-line sampling in balloons is a simple and, hence, attractive
method for exhaled nitric oxide measurements in children which
differentiates between groups with and without self-reported asthma,
allergy and colds, when ambient nitric oxide is < 10 parts per billion.
Wearing a noseclip and breath-holding affected measured values and should,
therefore be standardized or, preferably, avoided
Hydrogen peroxide in exhaled air of healthy children: reference values
An increased content of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a marker of
inflammation, has been described in the condensate of exhaled air from
adults and children with inflammatory lung disorders, including asthma.
However, the normal range of [H2O2] in the exhaled air condensate from
healthy children has not been established. Therefore, the aim of this
study was to determine the reference range of exhaled [H2O2] in healthy
school-aged children. Ninety-three healthy nonsmoking children (48 female
and 45 male, mean age 10 yrs, range 8-13 yrs), with a negative history for
allergy, eczema or respiratory disease and with a normal lung function,
participated. Exhaled air condensate was examined fluorimetrically for the
presence of H2O2. In addition, the reproducibility of [H2O2] within
subjects and between days and the stability of [H2O2] during storage at
-20 degrees C were assessed. The median [H2O2] in the exhaled air
condensate of all children was 0.13 microM, with a 2.5-97.5% reference
range of <0.01-0.48 microM. No significant difference existed between
males and females. There was no correlation between exhaled [H2O2] and age
or lung function. Repeated [H2O2] measurements on 2 consecutive days
showed satisfactory within-subject reproducibility and [H2O2] in stored
samples remained stable for at least 1 month at -20 degrees C. In
conclusion, this study provides reference data for exhaled hydrogen
peroxide in a large group of healthy children. The observed levels were
lower than those reported previously for healthy adults and were
independent of age, sex and lung function
ANALYSIS OF LIFE INSURANCE INVESTMENT COMPOSITION
Economic recession and global mettle down have brought the question of insurance
company investment to the forefront. Growing attention has shifted to the pattern of investments by the
insurance and question of how to evaluate such investments. The aim of this research is to evaluate
investment compositions which are made by life insurance companies in Indonesia, as well as to know the
effects on the performance of Insurance companies
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