Treatment of acute pain in cats

The cat's popularity as a pet continues to grow, with the most recent surveys showing approximately 17% of the population live with cats. This increased popularity of cats invariably means that more cats are presented to veterinary surgeons for surgery and treatment of painful conditions, but it seems that the treatment of pain in the cat has lagged behind that of other species. Lack of analgesic administration may well stem from the difficulties in assessing pain in the cat, but is probably compounded by the false perceptions of the likelihood of severe side effects occurring more frequently with the use of opioids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in cats, thereby inadvertently denying them the analgesics they require. This article complements a previous article covering the assessment of acute pain in the cat (White, 2016); the aim of this second article is to provide an evidence-based framework to follow for the treatment of acute pain in the cat

Parent-Metabolite Pharmacokinetic Models for Tramadol – Tests of Assumptions and Predictions

Allometric principles were used to discern cross-species differences in (±)-tramadol disposition and formation of its primary analgesic metabolite, (±)-O-desmethyl-tramadol (M1). Species differences in formation of M1 may help predict the analgesic effectiveness of tramadol. Tramadol was administered intravenously by a zero-order (constant infusion) process or rapid bolus dose and racemic concentrations of tramadol and M1 measured. Data were pooled to define differences between species (human, rat, cat, dog, goat, donkey and horse). A two-compartment linear disposition model with first-order elimination was used to describe tramadol and M1 disposition. Slow metabolizers were detected in 6% of the population and tramadol clearance to M1 was 16.2% that of extensive metabolizers. Tramadol clearance to M1 was slower and tramadol clearance by other pathways was faster in rats, dogs, and horses compared to humans. There are substantial differences between species in the pharmacokinetics of tramadol and its M1 metabolite, which are not explained by differences in body weight. The hypothesis that volumes of distribution are similar across species was shown not to be true. M1 exposure in the goat, donkey and cat was comparable to humans, which indicates it is likely to be an effective analgesic at typically used doses in these species but not in dogs or horses

Use of midlatency auditory-evoked potentials as indicator of unconsciousness in the dog: characterisation of the effects of acepromazine-thiopentone, medetomidine-thiopentone and medetomidine-butorphanol-midazolam combinations

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Hemodynamic Effects of Medetomidine-Midazolam-Butorphanol and Medetomidine-Midazolam-Buprenorphine Combinations and Reversibility by Atipamezole in Dogs

OBJECTIVE--To characterize the hemodynamic effects of medetomidine (1 mg/m2 of body surface area; dosage, 39 to 46 micrograms/kg of body weight, IM) and midazolam (1 mg/kg of body weight, i.v.) combined with butorphanol (0.1 mg/kg, i.v.), buprenorphine (10 micrograms/kg, i.v.) or saline solution. Reversibility of these effects by atipamezole (2.5 mg/m2; dosage, 97.5 to 115 micrograms/kg, IM) was evaluated. DESIGN--2 treated groups and 1 control group, without repetition. ANIMALS--15 clinically normal dogs (3 groups of 5). PROCEDURE--Medetomidine was administered at time 0; midazolam and butorphanol, buprenorphine, or saline solution at time 20; and atipamezole at time 60. Heart rate, systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures, central venous pressure, body temperature, cardiac output, and arterial and mixed venous blood gas tensions and pH were measured. Cardiac index, stroke index, systemic and pulmonary vascular resistances, and left and right stroke work indexes were calculated. RESULTS--Body temperature, heart rate, cardiac index, and stroke index were significantly decrease below baseline values in some groups. Central venous pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, and systemic vascular resistance were significantly increased above baseline in all groups. Arterial and venous PO2 and pH decreased in all groups and PCO2 increased, but these changes were more pronounced when buprenorphine was administered. Arterial pressure decreased after atipamezole administration. CONCLUSION--The combinations seemed to result in cardiorespiratory depressant effects of similar importance and most of these effects, which are related to medetomidine, were reversed by atipamezole

Determination of cardiac performance in healthy dogs during maximal inotropic stimulation with dobutamine

info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublishe