Journal of Agricultural Engineering (ISAE)

Not AvailableThe knowledge of wetted width, depth and maximum wetted width beneath the surface of soil is required in design and management of an efficient drip irrigation system, which can largely be controlled by emitter discharge and time of irrigation. Temporal movement of wetting in horizontal and vertical directions under surface point source was studied in acrylic tank at 0.5 l.h?1, 1.0 l.h?1, 2.0 l.h?1 and 4.0 l.h?1 emitter discharges in vertisols. However, a constant volume was applied in each run. Power equation based models were developed using results obtained for temporal changes in parameters of wetting geometry like the horizontal surface wetting width (Bs), maximum wetting depth (d), maximum horizontal wetting width (B) at high value of correlation. The maximum wetted radius at the soil surface as well as beneath the soil surface increased with the increase in emitter discharge rate. The maximum wetting radius at soil surface was found to be 113 mm, 115 mm, 132 mm and 134 mm at discharge rate of 0.5 l.h?1, 1.0 l.h?1, 2.0 l.h?1 and 4.0 l.h?1, respectively. The maximum wetted depth did not increase with increase in emitter discharge rate. It covered distance of 133 mm, 119 mm, 119 mm and 119 mm with emitter discharge rates of 0.5 l.h?1, 1.0 l.h?1, 2.0 l.h?1 and 4.0 l.h?1, respectively

Evaluation of Movement of Wetting Front under Surface Point Source of Drip Irrigation in Vertisols

The knowledge of wetted width, depth and maximum wetted width beneath the surface of soil is required in design and management of an efficient drip irrigation system, which can largely be controlled by emitter discharge and time of irrigation. Temporal movement of wetting in horizontal and vertical directions under surface point source was studied in acrylic tank at 0.5 l.h-1, 1.0 l.h-1, 2.0 l.h-1 and 4.0 l.h-1 emitter discharges in vertisols. However, a constant volume was applied in each run. Power equation based models were developed using results obtained for temporal changes in parameters of wetting geometry like the horizontal surface wetting width (Bs ), maximum wetting depth (d), maximum horizontal wetting width (B) at high value of correlation. The maximum wetted radius at the soil surface as well as beneath the soil surface increased with the increase in emitter discharge rate. The maximum wetting radius at soil surface was found to be 113 mm, 115 mm, 132 mm and 134 mm at discharge rate of 0.5 l.h-1, 1.0 l.h-1, 2.0 l.h-1 and 4.0 l.h-1, respectively. The maximum wetted depth did not increase with increase in emitter discharge rate. It covered distance of 133 mm, 119 mm, 119 mm and 119 mm with emitter discharge rates of 0.5 l.h-1, 1.0 l.h-1, 2.0 l.h-1 and 4.0 l.h-1, respectively

Land use Land Cover Classification of Burhner River Watershed Using Remote Sensing and GIS Technique

Information on Land Use Land Cover (LULC) pattern is very important for developing management strategies for land use planning. Remotely sensed satellite data has proved to be an unmatched source of information that can deliver LULC information with good accuracy especially in regions where acquiring LULC information through intensive ground surveys seems to be impractical. The present study aims at performing LULC classification of Burhner river watershed situated in Mandla, Balaghat and Dindori districts of Madhya Pradesh, India by adopting unsupervised classification. It also discusses merits and demerits of using unsupervised classification for a high resolution satellite image along with key factors responsible for using it. Sentinel-2B satellite imagery with spatial resolution of 10 m was used in the present investigation. A total number of 6 LULC classes were identified in the study area namely agricultural land, fallow/open land, forest, habitation, wasteland and waterbodies using ERDAS IMAGINE® 2011. Accuracy assessment of the LULC classified image from reference (ground truth) data using error matrix revealed an overall accuracy of 95.72% with kappa coefficient of 0.94. Furthermore, the error matrix also aided in computing classified image producer’s and user’s accuracy which were under acceptable limits. The LULC statistics of study area indicated that highest area is covered by forest (53.01%), followed by fallow/open land (24%), agricultural land (19.44%) and least area is covered by waterbodies (1.38%) and habitation (0.19%). A major portion of study area under fallow/open land category pointed that underutilized land resource potential exist in watershed. Such land can be further utilized for crop production and plantation purposes in order to maximize output from the available natural resources in a sustainable manner

Bacterial load and defective monocyte-derived macrophage bacterial phagocytosis in biomass-smoke COPD

Lower airway colonisation with potentially pathogenic bacterial species (PPBs) is associated with defective bacterial phagocytosis, in monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) and alveolar macrophages, from tobacco-smoke associated COPD (S-COPD) subjects. In developing world, COPD among non-smokers is largely due to biomass-smoke (BMS) exposure. Yet, little is known about PPBs colonisation and its association with impaired innate immunity in these subjects.We investigated the PPBs load (Streptococcus pneumoniae, SP; Haemophilus influenzae, HI; Moraxella catarrhalis, MC; and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, PA) in BMS-exposed COPD (BMS-COPD) compared with S-COPD and spirometrically normal subjects. We also examined the association between load of PPBs with phagocytic activity of MDMs and lung function.Induced sputum and peripheral venous blood samples were collected from 18 healthy non-smokers, 15 smokers without COPD, 16 BMS-exposed healthy, 19 S-COPD and 23 BMS-COPD subjects. PPBs load in induced sputum and MDMs phagocytic activity were determined using qPCR and fluorimetry respectively.Higher bacterial load of SP, HI, and PA were observed in BMS-COPD. Increased PPBs load in BMS-exposed subjects was significantly negatively associated with defective phagocytosis in MDMs, and spirometric lung function indices (p<0.05).Increased load of PPBs in airways of BMS-COPD subjects is inversely associated with defective bacterial phagocytosis and lung function