Phylogeography and population structure of inferred from Cytochrome b mitochondrial DNA fragment

Aim : Shad fish of genus Tenualosa subfamily Alosinae (shads) family Clupeidae, are commercially and culturally important estuarine fish in many Asian countries, especially in Sarawak. In this study, the phylogenetics of three species from the genus Tenualosa (Tenualosa toli, Tenualosa macrura and Tenualosa ilisha) was determined. Methodolgy:Sequence analysisof 910 base pairsof Cytochromeb gene were conducted on the samples of indigenous T.toli (N=111) and T. macrura (N=24), which were collected from Sarawak including the samplesofnon-nativeT. ilisha(N=4) obtained from Bangladesh. Results : A total of 28 haplotypes were found with T. toli producing 15 haplotypes, where 13 haplotypes were unique haplotypes while 2shared haplotypes among the6populations. Interpretation :Phylogenetic analysis supported the monophyletic status between the three shad species. The highest intraspecific genetic divergences were recorded between imported samples and samples from other localities. There is evidence of overfishing and recently occurred bottleneck events which led to a population size expansion ofT. toli, especiallyinSebuyau, Daro and Mukah

Phylogeny of selected flycatchers (Family : muscicapidae) inferred from mtDNA cytochrome oxidase I gene

The phylogeny of selected flycatchers (Family: Muscicapidae) was inferred from mtDNA cytochrome oxidase I gene through DNA sequencing analysis. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method was incorporated in this study which resulted in approximately 498 base pairs (bp) of end product. Phylogenetic tree was constructed by using Neighbor Joining (NJ), Maximum parsimony (MP), Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Bayesian analysis method. Both NJ and MP produced 2 major clades which separated subfamily Muscicapinae from Monarchinae and Rhipidurinae which is debated to have diverged into a new family. ML and Bayesian analysis proved that genus Rhipidura and Terpsiphone are more closely related to each other than to subfamily Muscicapinae. The study indicates that using cytochrome oxidase I gene can resolve the relationship among species well